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Adv Pathophysiology > Chapter 19: Eyes > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Extraocular Muscles

A

Oculomotor (CN III)
Trochlear (CN IV)
Abducens (CN VI)

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2
Q

Vitamin A

A

Nerve impulses and retinal function
Production of rods and cones
Need for low-light and moisture

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3
Q

Vitamin A Deficiencies

A

Dry eyes

Nyctalopia (night blindness)

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4
Q

Foods high in Vitamin A

A

papaya, cantaloupe, squash, milk, sweet potatoes, dark leafy vegetables, carrots

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5
Q

Vitamin C and E

A

strong antioxidants that protect the eye against damage from free radicals (associated with macular degeneration and cataracts)

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6
Q

Vitamin C rich foods

A

oranges, spinach, strawberries, broccoli/cauliflower, tomatoes, lemons, blackberries

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7
Q

Vitamin E rich foods

A

nuts and seeds, sunflower seeds and oil, spinach/greens, peanuts, pumpkin, red bell pepper

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8
Q

Beta-Carotene

A

precursor of Vitamin A

50% of Vitamin A comes from conversion of beta-cartotene

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9
Q

Foods rich in beta-carotene

A

yellow, green, and orange leafy fruits and vegetables

carrots, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, squash

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10
Q

Lutein

A

protects eye from harm UV rays
may improve dim light vision and prevent glare
may hold off macular degeneration

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11
Q

Foods rich in lutein

A

kale, spinach, broccoli, corn, lettuce, peas, zucchini, tangerines, carrots, celery, tomatoes, oranges

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12
Q

Ptosis

A

eyelid droop - weakness of levator muscle

can be muscular or r/t CN III damage

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13
Q

Entropion

A

turning IN of the lid margins
can normally occur with aging
can cause corneal irritation, abrasion or infection

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14
Q

Ectropion

A

turning OUT of the lid margin
most frequent eyelid condition
usually d/t CN VII weakness
see tearing

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15
Q

Posterior Blepharitis

A

inflammation of the meibomian glands

see frothy, oily tears

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16
Q

Hordeolum (Sty)

A

infection of the sebaceous glands of the eye lid
internal - obstruction of meibomian gland
external - obstruction of hair follicle
painful

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17
Q

Chalazion

A

Meibomian cyst
small, firm, nontender nodules on upper and lower lid
may need to be surgically removed

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18
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

obstruction of the lacrimal duct that causes the nasolacrimal sac to be inflamed
pain, swelling, redness, purulent drainage

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19
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

inflammation of the lacrimal gland
pain, redness, swelling to upper outer third of eye
Seen in Mumps, Measles, and Mono

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20
Q

Enopthalamos

A

“sunken” posterior displacement of eye

most often caused by atrophy of orbital fat

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21
Q

Exopthalamos

A

“bulging” anterior displacement of eye

seen in hyperthyroidism and Grave’s dx

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22
Q

Hypoglobus

A

inferior displacement of eye

seen in fractures of the orbit

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23
Q

Hyperglobus

A

superior displacement

seen also in fractures

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24
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

“pink eye” - injected conjunctiva (redness)

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25
Allergic Conjunctivitis
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity | redness, itching, watery eyes
26
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Hyperacute (N. gonorrhea) will threaten vision = purulent discharge Acute (S. aureus, H. influenzae) eyes will be stuck together; foreign body sensation
27
Viral Conjunctivitis
usually self-limiting caused by adenovirus and herpes simplex watery drainage, photosensitivity
28
Keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
29
Bacterial Keratitis
can ulcerative (chlamydia, staph, strep) or nonulcerative (lupus, syphilis)
30
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
middle layer of cornea can become scarred leading to corneal blindness 80% from HSV1 neonates are exposed to HSV2
31
Varicella Zoster Opthalmicus
lies dormant and becomes activated at the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve treated with high dose antivirals
32
Arcus Senilis
bilateral benign corneal degeneration as people age, seen as thin grayish white arc around periphery of cornea no vision changes does not indicate hyperlipidemia
33
Uveitis
inflammation of the entire uveal tract (iris, choroid, and ciliary body) can be bacterial, autoimmune, or malignant
34
Glaucoma
classified as an optic neuropathy vs disease of elevated IOP can be primary or secondary can be open-angle or angle-closure
35
Tonometer
measures IOP | normal IOP = 10 - 21
36
Primary Glaucoma
occurs w/o evidence of preexisting ocular or systemic disease
37
Secondary Glaucoma
results from inflammatory processes that affect the eye
38
Glaucomatous Cupping
optic nerve axons atrophy = optic disc pallor and increases depth of the optic cup can result in transient or permanent vision loss
39
Open-Angle Glaucoma
gradual loss of peripheral vision usually affects both eyes usually occurs d/t abnormality of flow of aqueous humor in Canal of Schelmm
40
Risk Factors for Open-Angle Glaucoma
``` >40 years black myopia HTN, Type II DM, hyperthyroidism migraine HAs OSA first-degree family hx ```
41
Treatment for Open-Angle Glaucoma
``` topical medications to increase outflow of fluid Laser trabeculopathy (inner trabecular meshwork is burned to widen the Canal of Sclemm ```
42
Angle-Closure Glaucoma | Narrow-Angle Glaucoma
result of an inherited anatomic defect causing narrow angle of the anterior chamber d/t iris enlargement
43
Risk Factors for Narrow-Angle Glaucoma
``` Asian (preexisiting shallow anterior chambers) Older adults (lens thickened and iris becomes anteriorly displaced) ```
44
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Attack
medical emergency | eye pressure rises quickly - often precipitated by pupillary dilation
45
Signs/Symptoms of Acute ACG Attack
``` sudden eye pain blurred, halos, iridescent vision tunnel vision unilateral HA pupil may be fixed symptoms subside with pupillary constriction ```
46
Treatment for Narrow-Angle Glaucoma
meds to reduce pressure | iridotomy (creates permanent opening between the anterior and posterior chambers)
47
Hyphema
blood that collects in the anterior chamber d/t blunt trauma or spontaneous hemorrhage
48
Hypopyon
purulent matter in the anterior chamber usually d/t iritis and inflammation of the chamber itself
49
Eye Refraction
measurement based on how much the lens of the eye has to bend light rays to process visuall stimuli how power of eye glasses or contacts is calculated
50
Myopia
near-sightedness objects focus IN FRONT of the retina (convex)
51
Hyperopia
far-sightedness objects focus BEHIND the retina (concave)
52
Astigmatism
``` abnormally shaped cornea or lens blurry vision (near and/or far) ```
53
Presbyopia
far-sighted due to aging | lens thickens and becomes more rigid = difficulty focusing on near objects (changing shape of lens)
54
Miosis
pupillary constriction | improves clarity of vision for near objects
55
Mydriasis
pupillary dilation | improves the clarity of vision for far objects
56
Cycloplegia
paralysis of the ciliary muscles | loss of accomodation
57
Cataracts
clouding of the lens = interferes with the transmission of light most common cause of age-related vision loss an absent red reflex may be noticed
58
Traumatic Cataracts
caused by injury from a foreign body, blunt trauma to the eyes, or overexposure to UV radiation
59
Congenital Cataracts
present at birth | caused by genetics, toxins, viruses (rubella), or maternal diabetes
60
Senile Cataracts (Nuclear)
central opacity
61
Senile Cataracts (Peripheral Cortical)
white, wedge-like opacities that start in the periphery and work their way to the center of the lens in a spoke-like fashion little effect on vision initially
62
Senile Cataracts (Subcapsular Cataracts)
opacities occur in front of the posterior capsule associated with prolonged, steroid use, DM, obesity, or trauma near vision is affected w/ inc sensitivity to glare
63
Color Blindness
inherited X-linked disorder of the cones (green, red, and blue vision) - photopigment missing or deficient not considered a clinical disease
64
Ishihara cards
polychromatic pictures/figures used to screen for color blindness
65
Papilledema
edema of the optic papilla caused by increased IOP = collapse retinal artery/veins = back flow and inc capillary permeability
66
Causes of Papilledema
cerebral tumor subdural hematoma hydroecephalus malignant HTN
67
Hypertensive Retinopathy
longstanding HTN = thickened arteriole walls appear pale and more opaque (copper wiring) MICH - microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrhages (flame-like), hard exudates, cotton wool spots optic disc swelling
68
Diabetic Retionopathy
most common cause of blindness | can be proliferative or non-proliferative
69
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | background retinopathy
confined to the retina see microaneurysms, cotton wool spots, exudates macular edema = dec vision and sensation of glare
70
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
more several retinal changes | characterized by the neovacularization and can result in retinal detachment
71
Retinal Detachment
Retina becomes separated from nerve tissues and blood supply emergency that will result in permanent vision loss if untreated
72
Clinical Manifestations of Retinal Detachment
painless sudden appearance of floaters/flashes of light "curtain" across vision altered red reflex
73
Exudative (Serous) Retinal Detachment
caused by accumulation of fluid in the subretinal space HTN, neoplasm, inflammation usually resolves well
74
Traction Retinal Detachment
detachment due to pulling force | scar, fibrous tissue, or inflammation
75
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
most common form | vitreous humor leaks through hole or tear, separating the receptors from their blood supplier (choroid) = vision loss
76
Macular Degeneration
degenerative changes in the central portion of the retina (macula) age-related (AMD) most common cause of reduced vision worldwide
77
Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration
``` >50 years female caucasian smoking CVD poor nutrition genetics ```
78
Atrophic Macular Degeneration | "Dry Form"
Drusen (yellow fatty deposits) develop beneath the retina slow onset with mild vision loss no established treatment
79
Exudative Macular Degeneration | "Wet Form"
neovascularization occurs and vessels leak and bleed = edema, fibrosis and scarring loss of central vision occurs Treatment: photodynamic therapy, corticosteroids or VEGF
80
Amsler Grid
screening tool for macular degeneration identify visual distortions used with early diagnosis
81
Anopia
blindness in one eye
82
Hemianopia
half of the visual field in one eye is lost | can be homonymous (same side) or heteronymous (different)
83
Homonymous Quadrantic Defect
quarter of the visual field is lost | usually caused by a partial lesion of the optic tract
84
Bitemporal Anopia
loss of temporal vision | central (nasal) vision maintained
85
Amblyopia
decrease in visual acuity resulting from abnormal visual development in infancy or early childhood

Adv Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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