Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

Information processing model?

Answer 1

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a com- puter processes memory in a series of three stages. Encoding, storing and retrieving.

Question 2

Atkinson and shiffrin model?

Answer 2

Three memory stores: sensory, working or short term, long term.

Question 3

Sensory memory?

Answer 3

• Pulls information from environment
• large capacity
• iconic sensory memory: visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.
• echoic sensory memory: auditory sensory memory, lasting only 2–4 seconds.

Question 4

Short term memory?

Answer 4

• conscious or working
• capacity of 7+-2 items
• duration of 12-30 seconds

Question 5

Long term memory?

Answer 5

• storage and retrieval
• unlimited capacity
• infinite duration
• nondeclarative (implicit),LTM: Memories for things that people know how to do
• • procedural (motor skills, actions)
• declarative (explicit) LTM: all the things that people can know—the facts and information that make up knowledge
• • Episodic (events you’ve experienced)
• • Semantic (general knowledge, facts)

Question 6

Infantile amnesia?

Answer 6

Memories don’t form until 3 y.o.

Question 7

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 7

We don’t recall replays of events, we reconstruct them based on gap fillings and assumptions.

Question 8

Source monitoring errors?

Answer 8

We may remember something and not the origin of the information.

Question 9

Scheme distortion?

Answer 9

We remember general rather than specific info.

Question 10

Flashbulb memories?

Answer 10

type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.
- actually no more accurate than normal memories.

Question 11

Neurone that fire together wire together?

Answer 11

• if they exchange info. Now, mor elikely to do so in future.
• LTP - long term prolonged strengthening of synsapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

Question 12

Categories of memory loss?

Answer 12

Retrograde amnesia:
- backward tracking
Anterograde amnesia:
- forward tracking (loss of memory of events occurring after the cause)

Question 13

Vitamin B1 can be lost through drinking and lead to memory loss.

Answer 13

.

Question 14

Beta blockers?

Answer 14

Block protein that leads to memory.

Question 15

The forgetting curve?

Answer 15

• Herman Ebbinghaus

- a memory gradually gets lost over 31 days

Question 16

Why people forget:

Answer 16

Encoding failure:
- failure to process things into memory
Memory trace decay theory:
- memory trace is a physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed, this can decay over time if not used.
Interference theory:
- caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.
Proactive interference:
– memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or inter- feres with the learning or retrieval of newer information.
Retroactive interference:
– memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.

Question 17

How can we remember more?

Answer 17

Elaboration:
- linking info with others at time of encoding.
Visual imagery:
- creating visual images to represent the information.

Question 18

Maintenance rehearsal extends STM but not effective in moving info to LTM.

Answer 18

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