Chapter 1

Question 1

Who founded psychology?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

What is objective introspection?

Answer 2

Involves measuring ones thought and focus on sensation.

Question 3

Sigmund Freud?

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

• theory of personality: ID (impulse and instinct), ego (morals), super ego (consciousness)
• psychoanalysis as a method of treatment
• Emphasised the past and child experience shaping you.

Question 4

Who pioneered behaviourism?

Answer 4

• John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• study of observable behaviour
• stimulus response model (with the right stimulus any response can be achieved)

Question 5

B.F. Skinner?

Answer 5

• 1904-1990

- studied learning and the effect of reinforcement.

Question 6

Who pioneered humanism?

Answer 6

• Carl Rodgers (1902-1987)
• emphasised goodness, free will and unconditional love.
• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• hierarchy of needs.

Question 7

What is cognitive pschology?

Answer 7

• 1950s to present
• examines how people Aquire, store and process information.
• memory, language and problem solving.

Question 8

What is biological psychology?

Answer 8

• 1950s to present

- use of anatomy and biochemical processes.

Question 9

What are the two types of research?

Answer 9

Applied research involves useful implications.

Basic research involves any systematic approach.

Question 10

What is group think?

Answer 10

Conforming to group norms. Less likely if you are with another individual.

Question 11

Steps in an experiment?

Answer 11

Observation: express expectations as a theory.
Prediction: formulate a hypothesis.
Testing:
Interpretation: use of stats and evaluation, comparison to prediction.
Communication: publish and summarise results.

Question 12

What are self report measures?

Answer 12

Survey: 
- describe behaviour, opinion or current mental state.
Benefit:
- easy to use
- collect a large amount of data.
Cost:
- accuracy and honesty

Question 13

What is correlation design?

Answer 13

• measure relationship between variables.

- examine how things are related.

Question 14

What is experimental design?

Answer 14

Includes:
Independent variables: 
- Variable the scientist changes
Dependent variables:
- variable that is observed
Control variables:
- variables that remain constant.
Confounding variable:
- variable that influences both the independent and dependent variable, such as age.

Question 15

Language of research:

Answer 15

Operationalization: 
- Description of the variable of interest
Control group:
- receives no treatment.
Experimental group:
- receive the treatment
Single blind:
- participants unaware.
Double blind:
- participants nor experimenters know group assignments.

Question 16

What are controlling variables?

Answer 16

Variables that control condition.
Theory
Hypothesis
Study design
Predictions and data
Use of samples 
Samples subject to error
Use of inferential statistics (prove experiment wasn't due to chance)

Question 17

Ethics in research?

Answer 17

• Right to privacy
• Informed consent (use of deception)
• animal rights (is there justification for discomfort or harm)