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Year 1: 11. MOD > Chapter 6: Lecture 3 (HIV) > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Lecture 3 (HIV) Flashcards

1
Q

How is HIV transmitted in sexual transmission?

A

Mucosal barrier (anal or vaginal) is breached

  • virus enters bloodstream
  • infects mucosal dendritic cells
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2
Q

What family does HIV belong to?

A

Retrovirus

Lentovirus

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3
Q

What is HIV’s capsid protein?

A

p24

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4
Q

What are HIV’s glycoproteins?

A

gp120: outer part
gp41: transmembrane

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5
Q

What are some important HIV viral enzymes?

A

Protease
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase

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6
Q

What does LTR part of HIV do?

A

Initiates transcription

-binds to transcription factors

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7
Q

What does the gag part of HIV do?

A

Encodes for proteins inside the virus (e.g. p24)

-protein shell enclosing genetic material

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8
Q

What does the env part of HIV do?

A

Encodes for glycoproteins (e.g. gp 120 and 41)

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9
Q

What does the pol part of HIV do?

A

Encodes for viral enzymes (e.g. reverse transcriptase)

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10
Q

How does the HIV virus enter the cell?

A

1) Chemokine receptors CCR5 and/or CXCR4 target CD4 cells
2) gp120 binds to CD4 cell
3) gp41 promotes membrane fusion

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11
Q

How does the HIV virus replicate?

A

1) Reverse transcriptase synthesizes proviral dsDNA from original RNA
2) Integrase inserts proviral DNA sequence into host genome
3) Host cell activation triggers LTR to initiate transcription

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12
Q

Antigenic stimulation causes a release of what?

A

NF-kB

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13
Q

What does NF-kB normally do?

A

Upregulate T cell response

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14
Q

What does NF-kB do in HIV infected cells?

A

Initiate transcription via LTR

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15
Q

What is responsible for host cell death?

A
  • Viral replication

- Pyroptosis: programmed death pathway

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16
Q

Other than CD4 cells, what other cells can HIV infect?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Microglia
17
Q

How does HIV infection affect B lymphocytes?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Non specific hypergammaglobulinemia
  • Impaired humoral immunity (reduced isotype switching and reduction in antibody production)
18
Q

Where does HIV normally stay and replicate during latent period?

A

Lymph nodes

-Dendritic cells transport virus to CD4 cells there

19
Q

What happens when HIV is spreading throughout body?

A

Viremia

20
Q

By when can a viral load of HIV be detected?

A

Day 7-14

21
Q

By when can p24 antigen be detected?

A

Day 16

22
Q

By when will most people be antibody positive for HIV?

A

Day 28

23
Q

What is the first detectable test for HIV?

A

NAT: tests for viral RNA by day 10

24
Q

What are the symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome?

A

HIV viremia (self limited)

  • fever
  • sore throat
  • muscle aches
25
Q

What is the viral set point?

A

End of initial viremic spike

-indicator of CD4 cell loss

26
Q

How is AIDS classified?

A

CD4 content < 200

27
Q

What are some opportunistic infections that can manifest in AIDS patients?

A
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia: fungal infections
  • Tb
  • Toxoplasma
  • Candida mucositis
  • Cryptosporidium diarrhea
28
Q

What virus causes Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

HHV-8

-vascular tumor

29
Q

What causes amyloidosis?

A

Misfolding of proteins yielding in an insoluble beta-pleated sheet
-accumulations can cause problems

30
Q

How is fibril formed?

A

Monomers of amyloidogenic intermediate assemble to form B-sheet structre

31
Q

How is AL protein formed?

A

Accumulation of immunoglobulin light chains

32
Q

How is AA protein formed?

A

Accumulation of Serum Amyloid A protein due to chronic inflammation in the liver

33
Q

How is ATTR protein formed?

A

mutant transthyretin aggregation

34
Q

Where do amyloids tend to manifest?

A
  • Kidney: disruption of glomeruli –> proteinuria and edema
  • Liver
  • Brain
  • Heart: dysrhythmias
35
Q

What stain will show amyloid?

A

Congo red stain: apple green birefringence

Year 1: 11. MOD (8 decks)

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