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Psych 102 > Chapter 6 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

what is learning? what does it include?

A

Change in an organism’s behavior or thought as a result of experience

includes physical changes to the brain

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2
Q

what is habituation?

A

a decrease in response to repeated stimuli

adaptive

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3
Q

when does habituation happen?

A

Happens all the time (sitting in the classroom and the fan comes on to circulate the air – may notice at first but will adapt). You’ve habituated to the presence of that stimulation

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4
Q

what is sensitization?

A

increase in response to repeated stimuli

another form of simple learning

more common for intense, irritating, dangerous stimuli

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5
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

a form of learning in which animals come to reasons to a previously neutral stimulus that is paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

form associations

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6
Q

what is Pavlov’s pioneering research?

A

investigating digestion

found that dogs would begin to salivate when they heard the footsteps of the feeders

The dogs began to drool in response to even hearing the footsteps of the people coming to feed them

Dogs associated the food with the stimulus which predicted the arrival

Physiology in the brain had this natural response

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7
Q

what is the unconditioned stimulus? (UCS)

A

stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning

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8
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

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9
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditoned stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning.

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11
Q

what is acquisition?

A

learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

conditioned response (CR) increases frequency over repeated pairings

Learning is highest when controlled stimulus and uncontrolled stimulus are presented close together in time

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12
Q

what is extinction?

A

gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

an active process, not merely “forgetting”. A form of learning

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13
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure

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14
Q

CR appear, is often __ than after __ phase

A

often WEAKER than after ACQUISITION phase

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15
Q

what is stimulus generalization?

A

the process by which conditioned stimuli that are similar. but not identical to the original condition stimulus (CS) elicit a response

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16
Q

generalization gradient

A

the more similar the stimulus is to the original CS, the stronger the response of the condition (CR) will be.

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17
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response (CR) to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus (CS)

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18
Q

what is higher-order conditioning?

A

developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

Ex: Pair metronome (neutral) with food (UCS) –Metronome becomes CS that elicits salivation

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19
Q

what does each progressive level of association result in? (higher-order conditioning)

A

results in a weaker conditioning

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20
Q

what was the stimulus generalization in the Little Albert Study?

A

Fear of a rabbit, dog, furry coat

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21
Q

what was the stimulus discrimination in the Little Albert Study?

A

no fear of cotton balls

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22
Q

how do classical conditioning and advertising work together?

A

advertisers pair their product (CS) with the stimuli that elicit positive emotions (UCS)

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23
Q

what is latent inhibition?

A

difficult in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone (without UCS)

24
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

Learning is controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior
- Response-consequence learning

25
Q

examples of operant conditioning

A

Teaching a dog to lie down and roll over using food as a reward

Fastening a seatbelt because the warning sound kept dinging

26
Q

what is another term for operant conditioning?

A

also called instrumental conditioning

27
Q

what is the law of effect?

A

if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future

  • A response followed by satisfying
    consequences become more probable
  • A response that is followed by dissatisfying
    consequences become less probable
28
Q

reinforcement

A

Outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

  • Positive or negative
29
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the presentation of a stimulus following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behavior

  • Appetitive stimulus is given to the organism
30
Q

negative reinforcement

A

the removal of stimulus following a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

an aversive stimulus is removed

31
Q

example of positive reinforcement

A

For example, giving a child a piece of candy after they complete their homework serves as positive reinforcement, increasing the likelihood that the child will do their homework in the future.

32
Q

example of negative reinforcement

A

For example, turning off a loud alarm when someone buckles their seatbelt serves as negative reinforcement, increasing the likelihood that the person will buckle their seatbelt in the future.

33
Q

what is punishment?

A

Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour

34
Q

positive punishment

A

administering a stimulus that the organism wants to avoid

Administering an aversive stimulus

35
Q

negative punishment

A

Removing a stimulus that the organism wants to experience

Removal of an appetitive stimulus

36
Q

when is punishment most effective?

A

works best when delivered consistently and immediately following undesired behaviour

37
Q

what is typically less effective than reinforcement in changing behavior?

A

punishment.

only tells the organism what not to do, not what it should do.

Punishment may encourage subversive behaviour

Punishment may provide a model for undesired behaviour

38
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that is associated with the presence of reinforcement

Sets the occasion for a response

39
Q

how does discriminative stimulus work?

A

Cues the organism to perform a behavior because it has been reinforced in the presence of the cue

40
Q

example of the discriminative stimulus

A

Grandparents – child asks for Candy

41
Q

difference between discriminative stimulus and stimulus discrimination!

A

a discriminative stimulus is a stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

Stimulus discrimination is the weakened CR to a CS that differ from the original CS

42
Q

Acquisition

A

learning phase in which an operant response is established

43
Q

Extinction

A

The gradual reduction and eventual elimination of an operant response when reinforcement for that response is no longer presented

44
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the re-emergence of an extinguished operant response after a delay following extinction

45
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

the organism displays a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original discriminative stimulus

46
Q

stimulus generalizatoin

A

the organism shows an increased probability of responding in the presence of stimuli to the original discriminative stimulus

47
Q

what is schedule reinforcement?

A

pattern of reinforcing a bhaviour

48
Q

what is continuous reinforcement?

A

the behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning, but also faster extinction than other forms of reinforcement

49
Q

partial reinforcement

A

occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually

50
Q

what are the two dimensions of reinforcement?

A
  1. Consistency of reinforcement: Fixed or
    variable
  2. Basis of reinforcement: Ratio or interval
51
Q

what is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

a pattern in which reinforcement is provided following a regular number of responses

52
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule:

A

a pattern in which reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses on average, with the number of responses varying randomly.

53
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule:

A

a pattern in which reinforcement is provided for a response at least once following a specified time interval

54
Q

Variable Interval Schedule:

A

a pattern in which reinforcement is provided at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly

55
Q

Shaping by Successive Approximations:

A

Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that successively approximate the target behavior

56
Q

primary reinforcer

A

item or outcome that naturally increase the target behaviour

57
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

neutral objects that become associated with a primary reinforcer

Psych 102 (10 decks)

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