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Psych 102 > Chapter 1 & 2: Psychology and scientific thinking/ Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2: Psychology and scientific thinking/ Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The Scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior. Scientific investigations are systemic and empiricall

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2
Q

Behavior and mental state are ____

A

complex

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3
Q

What are the levels of analysis?

A

Social culture influences, Psychological, and Biological.

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4
Q

What are Social Culture Influences

A

Involves relating to other and personal relationships

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5
Q

What are psychological levels of analysis

A

involves thoughts, feelings, and emotions.

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6
Q

What are the biological levels of analysis?

A

Involves molecules and brain structure

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7
Q

Why is behavior difficult to predict?

A

Multiply determined: produced by many factors.

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8
Q

What are often interrelated in psychology?

A

Variables.

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9
Q

What is a variable in psychology?

A

Something that can be changed or altered, such as a characteristic or value.

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10
Q

What is Reciprocal Determinism?

A

People mutually influence each other’s behavior.

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11
Q

Common sense can be useful but it can also be ____ or ____

A

Flawed or incorrect.

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12
Q

Popular knowledge and truth do not always ___

A

Align

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13
Q

What is Naive Realism?

A

The belief that we see the world precisely as it is
(seeing is believing)

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14
Q

When is naive realism problematic?

A

In an ambiguous or complex situations (politics)

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15
Q

What is an example of correct common sense?

A

Happy employees ten to be more productive.

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16
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Rules-of-thumb that can be applied to guide decision-making.

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16
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Rules-of-thumb that can be applied to guide decision-making.

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17
Q

Heuristics can be ___

A

Adaptive

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18
Q

What can a scientific approach help with?

A

Clarify when common sense is useful and when it is problematic.

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19
Q

What is the meaning of Empirical?

A

knowledge is acquired through observation.

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20
Q

what is the meaning of Systemic?

A

Plan for objectively collecting information.

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21
Q

What are misconceptions about Theories?

A
  1. An educated guess
  2. Explains one specific event
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22
Q

Science is a safeguard against ___

A

Bias.

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23
Q

Who is not always objective and free of biases

A

scientists

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24
Q

What is confirmation Bias:

A

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our belies and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them.

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25
Q

What is belief perseverance?:

A

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs, even when evidence contradicts them

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26
Q

What are metaphysical claims?

A

Claims that are not testable

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27
Q

what is an example of a non scientific question?

A

Is there an afterlife?
does God exist?
What is the moral thing to do?

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28
Q

Scientific knowledge is ___

A

tentative (not certain or fixed; provisional)

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29
Q

many scientific results fail to be ____

A

replicated

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30
Q

scientific knowledge is acquired _____

A

slowly, piece by piece

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31
Q

What is Pseudoscience?

A

Set of claims that seem scientific but aren’t.

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32
Q

What are examples of popular psychology

A

internet information, news articles, self-help books, and movies.

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33
Q

What is the issue with popular psychology?

A

often, untested

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34
Q

What does pseudoscience lack?

A

safeguards against biases

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35
Q

What are some warnings of Pseudoscience?

A

“EAT OLÉ”

Exaggerated claims
Anecdotes (Overreliance on)
Talk of “proof” instead of evidence
Overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypotheses
Lack of self-correction
Évidence (Absence of proper)

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36
Q

What is Add Hoc immunizing hypothesis?:

A

Add explanations and immunize their claims.
A hypothesis is added to a theory in order to save it from being falsified.

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37
Q

why are we drawn to pseudoscience?

A

we search for order in a complex world. We find comfort in our beliefs.

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38
Q

what is emotional reasoning?

A

we use emotions as guides to evaluate a claim

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39
Q

what is bandwagon fallacy?

A

accept a claim because many people believe it

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40
Q

what is not me fallacy?

A

the belief that we are immune from errors that afflict other people. Known as blind spot bias

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41
Q

What are some dangers of Pseudoscience?

A

Opportunity cost, direct harm, an inability to think scientifically

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42
Q

What is Opportunity cost?

A

people are led to forgo opportunities to seek effective care. They resort to other ways of dealing with the problem - usually a more natural remedy

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43
Q

What is direct harm?

A

Directly harming the individual or making the problem worse, causing other problems. This can cuase psychological and physiological problems and in some cases even death.

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44
Q

Inability to think scientifically

A

failure to think critically. Important to develop these critical thinking skills.

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44
Q

Inability to think scientifically

A

failure to think critically. Important to develop these critical thinking skills.

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45
Q

What is scientific skepticism?

A

Evaluating all claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them as true. to refrain from accepting inadequately supported claims.

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46
Q

skepticism is not ___

A

cynicism

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47
Q

What does it mean to “rule out Rival Hypotheses”?

A

Scientific thinking principle #1
consider alternative explanations for findings

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48
Q

What is the meaning of “correlation is not causation”?

A

Scientific thinking principle #2
just because two things are associated - or correlated - does not mean that one causes the other

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49
Q

what is “falsifiability?”

A

scientific thinking principle #3
Must be possible to disprove a claim. applies to claims, hypotheses, and theories

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50
Q

What is “replicability”?

A

Scientific thinking Principle #4
psychological findings must be reproduced. Findings can occur by chance so this is a way to confirm the results

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51
Q

What is the meaning of “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence”?

A

If a claim goes against what we already know, the evidence for the claim must be strong. (alien abductions - not good evidence, only self - reports)

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52
Q

what is “Occams Razor”?

A

Principle #6
When several explanations account for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is often the best when the others can’t back anything up.

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53
Q

What are the goals of science

A

describe, explain, predict and control events

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54
Q

what are variables?

A

any factor or attribute that can assume two or more values. something in the world that varies

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55
Q

what is description?

A

identifies and provides an account of some phenomenon of interest, and its characteristics. psychologists describe what humans think and how they behave

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56
Q

importance of explanation

A

scientists seek to understand why phenomena occur

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56
Q

what are hypotheses

A

testable explanation derived from a theory

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57
Q

What are theories?

A

an explanation or a large number of findings in the natural world. a clearly put statement which explains why things are related the way they are

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58
Q

what is prediction?

A

Use of knowledge about events or variables to predict an outcome of interest

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59
Q

What is control?

A

influence over research settings, procedures, and application of scientific knowledge

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60
Q

what are the two contexts of control?

A

Research activities: variables, participants, experimental setting
Application of scientific knowledge

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61
Q

what is internal validity?

A

Making sure that cause-effect relationship identified in the study is really there and there are no other explanations for the results.

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62
Q

who was Plato?

A

“Wax tablet”
the analogy of memory - conceptualizing memory as an imperfect yet mailable substance like wax

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63
Q

Who was Aristotle?

A

Associations between ideas - memory comprised of links between ideas. (something may remind you of something else similar or the opposite)

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64
Q

Who was Descartes?

A

Dualism: the mind as distinct from matter. Neuroscientists now look at the brain as matter and energy which can be measured

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65
Q

what is introspection?

A

participants carefully reflect and report on their inner sensations and experiences

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66
Q

What are the theoretical frameworks of Psychology?

A

broad, theoretical perspectives that guide how people think about psychological phenomena and behavior

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67
Q

structuralism

A

School of psychology that aimed to identify the basic element of psychological experiences. used introspection as the main method

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68
Q

what are the problems with structuralism?

A

disagreement among introspectionist
imageless thought

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69
Q

Who is Titchner? (structuralism)

A

periodic table of psychological elements - wants to make psych more of a real science. interested in structural components of the mind and used introspection to do so

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70
Q

positive of structuralism?

A

attempted systematic observation

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71
Q

what is functionalism?

A

Focused on the functions and adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics such as thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. (asked why instead of what)

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72
Q

who was functionalism influenced by?

A

Darwin/evolution by natural selection

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73
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

The scientific study of observable behavior. focused on discovering general laws of learning. founded by John Watson

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74
Q

Negative to behaviorism

A

Went too far by suggesting that everything is learned

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75
Q

positives to behaviorism

A

clarifies learning principles
brought a focus on the observable verifiable subject matter

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76
Q

what is cognitive psychology?

A

understanding thinking is central to understanding behavior

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77
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware. unconscious memories and drives cause behavior. founded by Sigmund Freud.

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78
Q

What is nature VS. nurture

A

the question of whether our behaviors attribute mostly to our genes or to our rearing environments

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79
Q

what is free will?

A

the idea that we can play an active role and have a choice in how we behave.

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80
Q

What is determinism?

A

the view that free will is an illusion, and that our behavior is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control.

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81
Q

what does basic research examine?

A

Examines the fundamental nature of phenomena

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82
Q

what is applied research?

A

helps to solve or evaluate a specific real-world problem

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83
Q

why do we need research designs?

A

avoid biases when evaluating information and attempt to see the world as it really is

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84
Q

what is intuitive thinking (system 1)

A

quick and reflexive; dekiberate. Requires little mental effort.

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85
Q

what is intuitive thinking? (system 1)

A

quick and reflexive. requires little mental effort.

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85
Q

what is analytical thinking (system 2)?

A

slow and reflective; deliberate. requires mental effort

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86
Q

what are the issues with intuitive thinking?

A

over-reliance leads to errors. research methods can help to avoid the pitfalls of intuitive thinking.

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87
Q

what are conceptual definitions?

A

How we specify our phenomenon or construct of interest?

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88
Q

what is operational?

A

what a researcher is measuring. defining a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure or manipulate it.

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89
Q

what is observational research?

A

different types of non-experimental studies in which behavior is systematically watched and recorded

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90
Q

what is naturalistic observation

A

watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

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91
Q

participant observation

A

the observer becomes a part of the group or social setting being studied

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92
Q

What structured observation?

A

researchers configure the setting in which behavior will be observed

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93
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

94
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

The extent to which the research findings apply in the real world

95
Q

what is external validity?

A

the extent to which findings apply to other contexts besides the research setting

96
Q

what are the advantages of naturalistic observation?

A

ecological and external validity

97
Q

what is internal validity?

A

ability to draw cause and effect inerences

98
Q

what is reactivity?

A

when the process of observing behavior causes that behavior to change

99
Q

what are the disadvantages of naturalistic observation?

A

lack of internal validity and reactivity

100
Q

what is intuitive thinking? (System 1)

A

quick and reflexive. requires little mental effort.

101
Q

what is intuitive thinking? (System 1)

A

quick and reflexive. requires little mental effort.

102
Q

name 3 advantages of a case study.

A
  • Existence proofs
  • In-depth exploration
  • The flexibility of data collection techniques
  • Provide supporting or disconfirming evidence
  • Provide insights or “leads” for researchers to further investigate
103
Q

name 3 disadvantages of a case study

A
  • can not systematically test hypotheses
  • can not draw causal inferences
  • problems with generalizability
104
Q

What is survey research?

A

uses questionnaires to gather information about people. can be descriptive or used to test hypotheses

105
Q

what is population?

A

refers to all the cases or observations of interest to us

106
Q

what are samples?

A

a subset of cases or observations from the population

107
Q

what is a representative sample?

A

reflects the important characteristics of the population

108
Q

what is random selection?

A

a procedure that ensures that every person in a population has equal chance of being chosen to participate

109
Q

What is reliability? (Hint: 3 points)

A

the consistency of a measurement
consistency when consistency is expected
measures can be reliable but inaccurate

110
Q

what is test-retest?

A

administer the same measure to the same participants on two or more occasions, under equivalent conditions

111
Q

what is interrater reliability?

A

the extent to which independent raters or observers agree in their assessments

112
Q

what is validity?

A

the extent to which a measure assesses what It purports to measure

113
Q

what is the difference between validity and reliability? (hint: 3 pints)

A

validity - measuring the underlying construct
Reliability - consistency
Reliability is necessary for the validity

114
Q

what is a leading question?

A

items are presented in an inbalances way that can suggest one viewpoint or response if preferable to another

115
Q

what are loaded questions?

A

items that contain emotionally charged words that suggest one viewpoint or response is preferable to another, or they contain assumptions with which option to disagree is not provided

116
Q

what are double-barreled questions?

A

items that ask about two issues within one question, forcing respondents to combine potentially different opinions into one judgment

117
Q

what are double negatives?

A

items whose phrasing contains two negative words

118
Q

what are the advantages of self-report measures?

A
  • convenient - : retrieve information from a wide variety of people and cover more ground quicker
  • often work well
  • appropriate: many question need to be asked directly
119
Q

what are the disadvantages of self-report measures?

A
  • lack of personal insight - they don’t know as much about themselves as they think. May not know about consistency
  • self-report measures assume honesty in responses: social desirability and bias – social context is cared about (ex: do you recycle as much as you say you do?)
120
Q

what is social desirability bias?

A

a tendency to respond in a way that a person feels is socially appropriate rather than as the person truly feels

121
Q

what is correlation?

A

A research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated. the statistical association between variables. scores are associated in non random fashion

122
Q

what is a positive correlation?

A

higher scores or levels of one variable tend to be associated with higher scores or levels of another variable
As X increases, Y increases; As X decreases, Y decreases

123
Q

what is a negative correlation?

A

higher scores or levels of one variable tend to be associated with lower scores or levels of another variable
As X increases, Y decreases; As X decreases, Y increases

124
Q

what is No Correlation?

A

no association between variables

125
Q

what is Pearson’s r?

A

A statistic that measures the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables

126
Q

what is a scatterplot?

A

A graph that portrays the intersection of data on two variables for a single individual

127
Q

what is Illusory Correlation?

A

The perception of a statistical association between two variables when none exists

128
Q

why do we perceive illusory correlations?

A

Salience of events
We don’t tend to detect or remember “non-events”

129
Q

What is “anti-mentalistic”?

A

belief says that thoughts, feelings, and consciousness are not separate things, but are simply the result of physical processes happening in the brain. It denies the existence of a “mind” or “soul” as a separate entity from the physical body. In simpler terms, it argues that everything that makes us who we are, including our thoughts and emotions, can be explained by physical processes in the brain.

130
Q

what was the goal of behaviorism?

A

to make psychology a hard science.

131
Q

What is “the black box”?

A

a way of thinking about the human mind as a mysterious container that takes in information and produces behavior, but the process in between is unknown. It’s like a box where you put something in one end and get something else out the other end, but you don’t know exactly what happens inside the box. This idea was used in the early days of psychology to study behavior without worrying about the complex thoughts and feelings going on inside the mind. In other words, psychologists would look at what people did and not try to guess what they were thinking.

132
Q

what is cognitivism/cognitive psychology?

A

Understanding thinking is central to understanding behavior. A response to behaviorist ideas.

133
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Cognitive psychology and neuroscience combined. Examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking.

134
Q

What is psychoanalysis

A

focuses on internal psychological processes o which we are unaware.

135
Q

what are two points about psychoanalysis?

A
  1. Unconscious memories and drives cause behavior
  2. founded by Sigmund Freud
136
Q

what is positive about psychoanalysis?

A

Focuses on unconscious drivers of bahaviour

137
Q

what are the negatives of psychoanalysis?

A
  • Freud’s “unconscious” processes are not the same as scientifically demonstrated non-conscious determinants of behavior
  • Many unscientific claims which are not testable
138
Q

What is applied research?

A

Helps to solve or evaluate a specific real-world problem

139
Q

what is basic research?

A

Examines the fundamental nature of phenomena. Contributes to the core body of knowledge.

140
Q

What are examples of basic research?

A

Whether stress levels influence how often students engage in academic cheating.
How caffeine consumption affects the brain.
Whether men or women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression.

141
Q

what are examples of applied research?

A

A study looking for ways to market products for millennials.
certain lighting and music to make customers sit around longer
(addressing real-world issues)

142
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

the extent to which the research findings apply in the real world

143
Q

what is external validity?

A

the extent to which findings apply to other contexts besides the research setting

144
Q

what is a case study?

A
  • Examines one person or a small number of people in depth often over an extended period of time
  • an in-depth analysis of an individual, social unit, event, or some other phenomenon (comprehensive examination of a single case)
145
Q

what are some advantages to case studies?

A
  • existence proofs (proof shit can happen)
  • in-depth exploration
  • flexibility of data collection techniques
  • provide supporting or disconfirming evidence
  • provide insights or “leads” for researchers to further investigate
146
Q

what are the disadvantages of case studies?

A
  • Cannot systematically test hypotheses
  • Observer bias
  • Cannot draw causal inferences
  • Problems with generalizability
147
Q

What is a survey?

A

uses questionnaires to gather information about people

148
Q

what are some examples of a survey?

A
  • personality traits
  • beliefs about distracted driving
  • depression
149
Q

what can surveys be?

A

descriptive or can be used to test hypotheses (a supposition or explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation)

150
Q

what is a population?

A

refers to all the cases or observations of interest to us

151
Q

what is a sample?

A

a subset of cases or observations from the population

152
Q

Representative sample:

A

reflects the important characteristics of the population

153
Q

what is random selection?

A

a procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

154
Q

what do populations and samples refer to?

A

the whole world or a select population of interest. The group we are interested in as a whole

155
Q

What is reliability in terms of evaluating our measures?

A

The consistency of a measurement (tool)
consistency when consistency is expected.
Measures can be reliable but inaccurate

156
Q

what are the types of reliability for the assessment of measures? (hint: 2)

A

test-retest
interrater reliability

157
Q

what is test-retest?

A

administer the same measure to the same participants on two or more occasions, under equivalent conditions

158
Q

what is interrater reliability

A

The extent to which independent raters or observers agree in their assessments

159
Q

which reliability type best fits with these notes?:
“Independent observers need to match their assessment”

A

Inter reliability

160
Q

what is an example of measurement which should be consistent?

A
  • Personality characteristics (extraverted In Jan should be extraverted in June)
161
Q

example of a measurement that is reliable, yet inaccurate?

A

bathroom scale

162
Q

what is psychometrics?

A

the field of psychology devoted to testing, measurement, assessment and related activities.

163
Q

What is Validity?

A

the extent to which a measure assesses what it appears to measure

164
Q

what is necessary for validity?

A

Reliability

165
Q

What are examples of misleading terms in regards to correlation?

A

Associate, related, linked

166
Q

what is a crucial concept of correlation?

A

Variables are measured, not manipulated

167
Q

what does a value of +1.00 or -1.00 indicate?

A

a perfect correlation

168
Q

what does a perfect correlation mean?

A

the same thing (speed of the car and how hard you push the gas pedal)

169
Q

what could be a third variable between shoe size and intelligence?

A

malnutrition which could be correlated with low IQ and small feet

170
Q

what should we do before making firm conclusions?

A

Make an effort to look into research - ask how things are measured.

171
Q

We often cannot accurately estimate relationships without ___

A

statistics
(we perceive patterns that do not exist. and we fail to notice patterns that do exist)

171
Q

We often cannot accurately estimate relationships without ___

A

statistics
(we perceive patterns that do not exist. and we fail to notice patterns that do exist)

172
Q

Association between the full moon and strange occurrences
what is illusory correlation?

A

The perception of a statistical association between two variables when none exists

173
Q

what is an example of illusory correlation?

A

Association between the full moon and strange occurrences

174
Q

what may stem from illusory correlation?

A

Superstition

175
Q

Why do we perceive illusory correlations?

A

Salience (things that stand out that we tend to notice) of events. We don’t tend to detect or remember “non-events”

176
Q

what type of thinking should we engage in terms of the media?

A

we have to engage in system 2 thinking (analytical/critical thinking). The media will say what they have to say and what will be “popular”

176
Q

what type of thinking should we engage in terms of the media?

A

we have to engage in system 2 thinking (analytical/critical thinking). The media will say what they have to say and what will be “popular”

177
Q

What do experiments allow us to make?

A

causal inferences: the process of drawing a conclusion that a specific treatment (i.e., intervention) was the “cause” of the effect (or outcome) that was observed.

178
Q

what do experimenters do?

A

manipulate variables

179
Q

What makes a study an experiment?

A
  1. Random Assignment of participants to conditions
  2. Manipulation of an independent variable
180
Q

What is an experiment?

A
  • The researcher manipulates one or more variables, attempts to control factors, and then measures how the manipulated variables affect participants’ responses
  • Participants are randomly assigned to groups
181
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

the variable manipulated by the researcher.
The presumed cause in the cause-and-effect relationship

182
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A
  • the response that is measured, to determine whether the independent variable has produced an effect
  • The presumed effect in the cause-and-effect relationship
183
Q

What is a random Assignment?

A

The participants in the experiment are randomly sorted into groups

184
Q

what is the experimental group?

A

The group of participants that receives the manipulation

185
Q

what is a control group?

A

the group of participants that does not receive the manpulation

186
Q

What is experimental design?

A

process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement.

187
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

a variable that is not controlled for in an experiment or study and that may be affecting the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Confounding variables can cause spurious correlations and can lead to false conclusions about causality.

188
Q

what is an example of confounding variable?

A

a study that examines the relationship between hours of sleep and academic performance. If the study only takes into account hours of sleep and academic performance, it might conclude that more hours of sleep lead to better academic performance. However, a confounding variable, such as access to quality study materials, might also be affecting academic performance. If the study had taken into account both hours of sleep and access to study materials, it might conclude that better access to study materials, rather than more hours of sleep, is leading to better academic performance.

189
Q

what do cause-and-effect inferences require?

A
  • that groups be equal
  • if not, we have alternative explanations
190
Q

purpose of Random Assignment?

A

Create equal groups

191
Q

what is the placebo effect?

A

refers to a change in symptoms experienced by a person after receiving treatment with no active ingredients. It occurs due to belief in the treatment, positive attention from the provider, and other psychological and social factors, and can impact results in clinical trials.

192
Q

What are blinded experiments?

A

Participants are unaware if they are in the experimental group or the control group

193
Q

explain Nocebo effect?

A

harm resulting from the mere expectations of harm

194
Q

what are experimenter expectancy effects?

A

Researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

195
Q

what are double-blind experiments?

A

a study design where neither the participant nor the researcher knows which treatment the participant is receiving. This helps reduce bias and increase the validity of the results by preventing the placebo effect and the influence of the researcher’s expectations on the outcome.

196
Q

explain Nocebo effect.

A

harm resulting from the mere expectations of harm

197
Q

What is the experimenter expectancy effect?

A

researchers hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study (unintentionally biasing a study)

198
Q

what are double blind experiments?

A

when neither the researchers nor the participant are aware of who is in the experimental or control group

199
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

cues that participants pick up from a study that allows them to generate the researchers hypotheses

200
Q

what do demand characteristics counteract with?

A

cover stories and distractor facts

201
Q

what can be affected by demand characteristics?

A

responses

202
Q

two points about naturalistic observation

A

High external validity
Cannot draw causal inferences

203
Q

two points about case studies

A

provide depth, especially for unique cases
cannot draw causal inferences (can’t day one thing causes another)

204
Q

two points about surveys & correlation designs

A

Provide description & and prediction; breadth
Cannot draw causal inferences

205
Q

two points about experimental design

A

Can draw causal inferences
Low in external validity; narrow focus

206
Q

what do ethics represent?

A

represent a system of moral principles and standards

206
Q

what do ethics represent?

A

represent a system of moral principles and standards

207
Q

what do psychologists study/

A

sentient beings: humans and animals

208
Q

what is the importance of research ethics?

A
  • progress in psychology depends on willing participants
  • ethics can impact methodology
  • deception in research
209
Q

what was tuskegee syphilis study?

A
  • 1932-1972
    -asked how syphilis spread through the body
  • recruited 600 financially poor black men
  • 23 had advanced syphili and were not informed or treated
210
Q

problems with tuskegee syphilis study

A

important information was with held
coerced to participate
direct harm: low benefit

211
Q

what is respect for persons?

A

respect autonomy & protect those with developing impaired, or diminished autonomy

212
Q

what is concern for welfare?

A

quality if life; physical and mental health

213
Q

what is justice?

A

fair and equitable

214
Q

what is research ethics board?

A

the independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research projects with human participants comply with the TCPS-2 principles and guidelines.

215
Q

tri-council policy mandate

A

“To promote research that is conducted according to the highest ethical standards.”

216
Q

what is informed consent

A
  • Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
  • The principle that people have the right to make a voluntary, informed decision about whether to participate in a study

-complex endeavor

217
Q

what is deception?

A

Researchers intentionally withhold information from (passive) or intentionally mislead (active) participants about the nature of the study

  • a problem in psychology where people will change their response when they know they’re being measures
  • does not harm participants
218
Q

what is deception?

A

Researchers intentionally withhold information from (passive) or deliberately mislead (active) participants about the nature of the study

  • a problem in psychology where people will change their response when they know they’re measured
  • does not harm participants
219
Q

when is deception permitted?

A
  • A study cannot be conducted without deception
  • Does not harm participants
  • Does not involve a medical or therapeutic intervention
  • The study is likely to yield significant positive benefits
220
Q

what is debriefing

A

A conversation or communication with the participant that conveys additional information about the study.

when it come to deception this is opportunity to bring he participants in and answer questions

221
Q

what does debriefing provide?

A
  • information about the purpose of the study
  • gives participants the change to ask questions
  • minimize negative effects/feelings
222
Q

what is animal research?

A

Is the knowledge gained worth the suffering?

Animals give us important “models” to learn from

Some research may not generalize

223
Q

what is descriptive stats?

A

numrical characterizations that describe data

224
Q

what is a central tendency?

A

The measure of the “typical” or “central” scores in a data set

Dataset or “distribution” of scores

Example: Age in a university class: 18, 20, 22, 22, 23

225
Q

what is a mean?

A

The average of the distribution of scores

226
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of mean

A
  • Adv: includes all numerical information in the dataset
  • dis: heavily influenced by outliers
227
Q

what is the median?

A

the middle score in a data set

228
Q

what is the mode?

A

the more frequently occurring score in the dataset

229
Q

what is variability (dispersion)

A

measures of how scores vary

how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are

230
Q

range

A

difference between the highest and lowest scores

231
Q

standard deviation

A

the measure of variability that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean

232
Q

inferential stats

A

Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

233
Q

statistical sig

A

Unlikely to be due to chance alone

Conventional threshold is 5/100 or p < 0.05

Psych 102 (10 decks)

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