Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Who created classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

Classical Conditioning is based on ____.

Answer 3

reflexes

Question 4

Describe the behavior of Pavlov’s dogs before conditioning

Answer 4

Ringing bell = no response
Meat Powder in mouth = salivation

Question 5

describe the behavior of Pavlov’s dogs during conditioning

Answer 5

Meat powder + bell = salivation

Question 6

How did Pavlov know that the dogs had been conditioned?

Answer 6

When he rang the bell the dogs would salivate

Question 7

What is extinction?

Answer 7

The weakening of a conditioned response

Question 8

____ ____ occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response returns momentarily

Answer 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 9

What was the experiment of Little Albert?

Answer 9

A baby had a white rabbit placed in front of him, and then someone would strike a metal rod behind him. After multiple times, the baby would be afraid of the rabbit even without the metal rod sound because of conditioning

Question 10

Operant Conditioning is based on ____ responses/actions.

Answer 10

voluntary

Question 11

_____ _____ is when organisms learn to associate a behavior to its consequences

Answer 11

Operant conditioning

Question 12

What is an example of operant conditioning?

Answer 12

Teaching a dog to shake hands and rewarding him with a treat

Question 13

What does the Law of Effect state?

Answer 13

behaviors followed by consequences that are satisfying are more likely to be repeated

Question 14

_____ is the implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Answer 14

Reinforcement

Question 15

In ____ reinforcement something is added to increase the likeliness of a behavior

Answer 15

positive

Question 16

In negative reinforcement, something is ____ to increase the likeliness of a behavior

Answer 16

removed

Question 17

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Answer 17

Take medicine for a headache

Question 18

_____ _____ are behaviors repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement even though they are unnecessary

Answer 18

Superstitious behaviors

Question 19

____ is the implementation of a consequence to DECREASE behavior

Answer 19

Punishment

Question 20

What are the 2 types of punishment

Answer 20

Positive and Negative

Question 21

Positive punishment ___ an undesirable stimulus to ___ behavior

Answer 21

adds, decrease

Question 22

Negative punishment ___ a pleasant stimulus to ___ behavior

Answer 22

removes, decrease

Question 23

What are the characteristics of good punishment

Answer 23

immediate, consistent, strong enough to make a point

Question 24

What is shaping?

Answer 24

Rewarding successive approximations of a targeted goal; breaking goal into steps for reward

Question 25

What is latent learning?

Answer 25

Learning that isn't observational until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Question 26

What is observational learning?

Answer 26

Learning by watching others and imitating what they do/say

Question 27

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment

Answer 27

Reinforcement can be + and - and increases responding Punishment decreases responding