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Foundations of Therapeutic Interventions > Chapter 6- Infection > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of microorganisms or microbes visible only by microscope. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells (simple structure), no nuclear membrane but function metabolically and reproduce. Also, have cell wall structure. Unicellular, don’t require living tissue to survive. Vary in size, shape, and arrangement

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3
Q

Nonpathogenic microorganisms

A

Don’t usually cause disease and can be beneficial

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease-causing microbes

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5
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped and pleophoric (variable or indistinct)

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6
Q

Spiral

A

Include spirochetes, spirilla; coil shape, wavy line

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7
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical forms

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8
Q

Diplo

A

Pairs

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9
Q

Strep

A

Chains

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10
Q

Staph

A

Irregular grapelike structures

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11
Q

Tetrads

A

Cells grouped in packet or square of four cells

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12
Q

Palisade

A

Cells lying together with long cells parallel

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13
Q

Viruses

A

Very small obligate intracellular parasite that requires a living host cell for replication. When a virus infects a person, it attaches to a host cell, and the viral genetic material enters the cell; Viral DNA or RNA takes over control of the host cell, using the capacity for cell metabolism to synthesize protein, producing many new viral components. Can mutate or change slightly during replication. Can make it hard for hosts to develop adequate immunity to a virus either by effective antibodies or by vaccines

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14
Q

Latent stage

A

Enter host cell and replicate slowly or not at all until later

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15
Q

Chlamydiae

A

Common in STD’s that cause pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women

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16
Q

Rickettsiae

A

Transmitted by insect vectors such as lice and ticks; can cause typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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17
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Common cause of pneumonia. Are the smallest cellular microbes

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18
Q

Fungi

A

Found in animals, plants, humans and foods. Infection is caused by single-celled yeasts or multicellular modes. Common contaminants found on surfaces and in foods. Useful function in making beer, yogurt, and serves as a source of antibiotic drugs. Reproduces by budding or producing various types of spores. Spread through air, and is resistant to temperature and chemicals. Inhaled spores can stimulate an allergic reaction in humans

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19
Q

Tinea pedis

A

“athletes foot”. Transmitted in pool/shower/gym

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20
Q

Candida

A

Harmless found on skin but can get thrush in infants and common in vaginal infections. Can become chronic

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21
Q

Histoplasma

A

Causes lung infection from contaminated dust or soil particles

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22
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular, usually motile and lack a cell wall, have a number of shapes, many live independently, can live on dead organic matter

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23
Q

Parasites

A

Trichomonas vaginitis, Malaria are parasites living in or on another living host

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24
Q

Ameba

A

Motile group of protozoa. Spread by the oral-fecal route and improper handwashing

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25
Q

Helminth

A

Worms. May be ingested in contaminated foods or water. May enter through the skin or transmitted by infected insects. Often found in lungs or blood vessels. Diagnosed by observation in ova in stool specimens. More common in children

26
Q

Prions

A

Protein-like agents transmitted by consumption of contaminated tissues such as muscle or donor tissues contaminated with the protein. Is an abnormal molecule that is transmissible in tissues or blood animals or humans. Rapidly progressive and fatal. Thought to be caused by meat that has been contaminated with nervous tissue from an infected animal such as beef and cattle `

27
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

A

“Mad cow” disease

28
Q

Algae

A

Eukaryotic microorganisms found in fresh and marine waters. The main component of plankton and usually not a concern for human disease. Medical concerns include human eating of marine animals that have fed on algae and accumulated toxins produced by the algae

29
Q

Resident flora

A

Found in skin, nasal cavity, mouth. Not pathogenic under normal circumstances but may cause disease if they are transferred to another part of the body when these microbes can overgrow (term is “opportunistic”)

30
Q

Infection

A

When a microbe or parasite is able to reproduce in or on body tissues

31
Q

Endemic

A

Certain infections occurring in an area

32
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurring outside their normal geographic range or higher expected numbers

33
Q

Pandemic

A

Global

34
Q

Reservoir

A

Source of the infection (bats, birds). Act as carriers

35
Q

Subclinical form

A

Very mild with few or no manifestations

36
Q

Direct contact

A

Touching an infectious lesion or sexual intercourse

37
Q

Indirect contact

A

Involves an intermediary such as a contaminated hand or a fomite, an inanimate object

38
Q

Droplet transmission

A

When respiratory or salivary secretions containing pathogens such as tuberculosis bacteria are expelled from the body. The organisms from those secretions may be inhaled directly by another person close by or fall on nearby objects to be transmitted indirectly

39
Q

Aerosol transmission

A

Involves small particles from the respiratory tract that remains suspended in the air and travel on air currents, infecting any new host who inhales the particles

40
Q

Vector-borne

A

When an insect or animal serves as an intermediary host in a disease

41
Q

Nosocomial

A

Direct contact by persons or contaminated objects

42
Q

Factors that decrease host resistance

A

Age, genetic susceptibility, immunodeficiency, malnutrition, chronic disease, severe emotional or physical stress, inflammation or trauma, impaired inflammatory response, and severe or multiple infections

43
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The capacity of microbes to cause disease; non-pathogens can become pathogens

44
Q

Invasive qualities

A

Allowing it to directly damage host cells and tissues and spread

45
Q

Infection control

A

Understanding the transmission, and breaking the chain of infection

46
Q

Universal precautions

A

Basic guidelines which all blood, body fluids, and wastes are considered “infected” in any patient regardless of the patient’s apparent condition

47
Q

Incubation period

A

Time the body is exposed to the organism and the appearance of clinical signs of the disease. Organisms reproduce until there are sufficient number to cause adverse effects in the body

48
Q

Prodromal period

A

Early symptoms stage when the infected person may feel fatigued, lose appetite or have a headache

49
Q

Acute period

A

Infectious disease develops fully and the clinical manifestations reach a peak

50
Q

Local

A

Organisms enter the body and remain confined to a specific location

51
Q

Focal

A

Pathogen spreads from a local infection to other tissues

52
Q

Systemic

A

Spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, typically through the circulatory system

53
Q

Mixed

A

Several infectious agents concurrently establish themselves at the same site

54
Q

Acute

A

Appear rapidly with severe symptoms but are short lived

55
Q

Chronic

A

Less severe symptoms but persist for a long period

56
Q

Primary

A

Initial or first-time exposure/infection

57
Q

Secondary

A

Follow a primary infection and are caused by a microbe other than that causing a primary infection

58
Q

Subclinical

A

Do not cause apparent signs or symptoms, although they may persist over long periods of time

59
Q

Methods of diagnosis

A

Culture and staining, blood tests, rapid tests, and radiologic exams

60
Q

Treatment

A

Antimicrobial drugs

Foundations of Therapeutic Interventions (9 decks)

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