Chapter 1- Pathophysiology for the Health Professions Flashcards
Pathophysiology
Studies some aspects of pathology, the cell and tissue changes associated with disease. Focuses on the loss or change in normal structure and function
Disease
Deviation from normal structure or function of any part, organ, system, or from a state of wellness
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes
Seven steps to health
- Non-smoker; avoid 2nd hand smoke
- Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables and fruits per day, eat foods that are high in fiber and low in fat, and if you drink alcohol, limit consumption to about 1-2 glasses per day
- Physically active on a regular basis; maintain a healthy body weight
- Sun protection
- Cancer screening guidelines
- Visit doctor and dentist regularly and for changes
- Use health and safety instructions regarding using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials
- Normal values; aren’t absolute; may adjust for age, gender, genetics, environment, and activity level
CDC
Collects data on all types of disease and gives evidence-based recommendations for prevention
Primary prevention
The goal is to protect healthy people from developing disease or experiencing injury initially. Includes regular exercise, seat belts, immunizations, drug/tobacco/alcohol educations, regular exams and screening tests for risk factors
Secondary prevention
Occur after illness or serious risk factors are present. Goal is to stop or slow progress of disease in early stages. Includes taking daily ASA to prevent second heart attack, regular exams and screening for known risk factors, and modified work for injured workers
Tertiary prevention
Helping those manage complicated, long-term health problems; diabetes, heart disease, CA, chronic musculoskeletal disease. Includes cardiac and stroke rehab, chronic pain management programs, and patient support groups
Medical history components
Prior illness, allergies, hospitalizations, treatment, therapy, supplements, medications, herbs
Medical history influencing factors
Age, ethnicity, culture, presence of chronic disease, community, environment, family, significant other (support)
Diagnosis
Signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, radiology
Etiology
Causative factors. Congenital, inherited, genetic, viruses, bacteria, immune, metabolic, degenerative, changes, malignancy, burns and other trauma, environmental, and nutritional deficiencies
Idiopathic
Cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic
Treatment, procedure, or an error may have caused the disease
Predisposing factors
Tendencies that promote the deviation of the disease; age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure, certain dietary practices
Prophylaxis
Preserve health and prevent the spread of disease
Prevention
Linked to etiology and predisposing factors; vaccinations, dietary and lifestyle modifications, removal or harmful materials in environment, stop harmful activities
Pathogenesis
Development of the disease, sequence of events involved in tissue changes
Onset
May be sudden or insidious (gradual progression with mild or vague signs)
Acute disease
Short term illness that develops quickly
Chronic disease
Milder condition develops gradually
Subclinical state
Pathologic changes occur but there aren’t any symptoms yet
Latent “silent stage”
No clinical signs yet. Called incubation period
Prodromal period
Person becomes aware of changes in the body but signs are non-specific; fatigue, loss of appetite, headache. Lab tests are negative
Manifestations of disease
Signs and symptoms
Signs
Observable
Symptoms
Subjective
Lesion
Change in the tissue; microscopic such as cells or blister on skin
Syndrome
Collections of signs and symptoms often affecting more than one organ
Diagnostic tests
Lab tests that help diagnose the disease. Also help to monitor the disease
Remission
When manifestations stop; either permanently or temporarily
Exacerbation
Worsening in severity
Precipitating factor
Triggers an acute episode
Complications
New problems
Therapy
Interventions to help promote recovery or slow progress of disease
Sequelae
Potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition
Convalescence or rehabilitation
Period of recovery and return to normal healthy state. May last several weeks or months
Prognosis
Likelihood for recovery or other outcomes
Morbidity
Disease rates within a group
Mortality
Deaths
Autopsy or postmortem exam
Find cause of death. Done by pathologist
Epidemiology
Science of tracking the pattern of the disease
Epidemic
Higher than expected cases in a certain area
Pandemic
Higher numbers around globe
Communicable diseases
Spread from one person to another
Notifiable/reportable disease
Reported by MD
Normal tissue change
Tissue changes of breast and uterus in pregnancy; environmental changes in irritation
Abnormal tissue change
Irreversible changes in a cell signal a change in DNA structure or function; so need to find the cause and monitor any abnormality
Atrophy
Decrease size of cells
Hypertrophy
Increase size of cells
Hyperplasia
Increase number of cells resulting in enlarge tissue mass
Metaplasia
One mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia
Tissue varies in size and shape, large nuclei frequently present, and rate of mitosis is increased
Anaplasia
Cells are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures
Neoplasia
New growth
Benign
Usually less serious, don’t spread
Malignant
Cancer has spread
Apoptosis
Refers to programmed cell death (expected) or may increase in aging, cell injury, or excessive replication
Necrosis
Not a preprogrammed event; occurs in the presence of irreversible damage to cells, tissue, or a portion of an organ
Ischemia
Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen in the tissue. Quickly affects cells with a high demand for oxygen
Anaerobic metabolism
Results from hypoxia. Causes the buildup of lactic acid. Metabolism without oxygen
Severe oxygen deficit
Interferes with energy production in the cell, leading to loss of the sodium pump at the cell membrane, as well as other cell functions. May lead to buildup of sodium within cell (rupture)
Liquefaction necrosis
Process by which dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes
Coagulative necrosis
Occurs when the cell proteins are altered or denatured, and the cells retain some form for a time after death
Fat necrosis
Occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes. May increase inflammation
Caseous necrosis
Thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms
Infarction
Applies to an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
Gangrene
An area of necrotic tissue, usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria
