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Foundations of Therapeutic Interventions > Chapter 2- Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Water

A

Major component of the body both within and outside of. cells. Essential for homeostasis. It is the medium where metabolic reactions and other processes take place. Serves as transportation system for the body and facilitates movements of body parts

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid compartment

A

Fluid inside the cells

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid compartments

A

Fluid outside the cells

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4
Q

Components of extracellular fluid

A

Intravascular fluid (blood), interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and transcellular fluid

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5
Q

Balance intake and output

A

Amount of water entering the body should equal the amount leaving the body

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6
Q

Thirst mechanism

A

In the hypothalamus. Regulates balance of water and electrolytes

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7
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Kidneys; regulates balance of water and electrolytes

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8
Q

Aldosterone hormone

A

Kidneys; regulates balance of water and electrolytes

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9
Q

Natriuretic peptide hormones

A

Cardiac muscles. Atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide. Regulates balance of water and electrolytes

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10
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The push

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11
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The pull

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12
Q

Osmolarity

A

Concentration of solute in the fluid. Affects fluid shifts between compartments, including cells

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13
Q

Factors affecting fluid balance

A

Intake and output, hormonal influence, health of heart, kidneys, and lymphatic system, ability of capillaries, veins, and arteries to respond to interstitial fluid, and hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

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14
Q

Edema

A

Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment which causes swelling or enlargement of the tissues. May be localized in one area or generalized throughout the body. Depends on the tissue, it may be highly visible, relatively invisible, or not accurately reflect amount of fluid hidden in the area

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15
Q

Causes of edema

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins resulting in a decrease in plasma osmotic pressure, obstruction of lymphatic circulation and increased capillary permeability

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16
Q

Effects of edema

A

Local area of swelling, pitting edema, significant increase in body weight, and functional impairment. Also pain, arterial circulation impaired, dental issues, and susceptibility to breakdown

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17
Q

Dehydration

A

Insufficient body fluids due to inadequate intake or excessive loss of fluids or both. Measured by change in body weight

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18
Q

Mild loss

A

Decrease in 2%

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19
Q

Moderate loss

A

Decrease in 5%

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20
Q

Severe loss

A

Decrease in 8%

21
Q

Causes of dehydration

A

Vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating, DKA, insufficient water intake in elderly or unconscious, use of concentrated formula in attempt to provide more nutrition to infant

22
Q

Effects of dehydration

A

Dry mucus membranes in mouth, decreased skin turgor, lower BP, pulse, fatigue, increased hematocrit, and decrease in mental function and confusion

23
Q

Compensation for dehydration

A

Increasing thirst, increasing heart rate, pale, cool skin, produce less urine and concentrating urine increasing the specific gravity

24
Q

Third spacing

A

Fluid shifts out of the blood into the body cavity or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid. Need lab tests for identification. Found as edema in the area of burn wounds

25
Q

Sodium imbalance

A

Hyponatremia/Hypernatremia

26
Q

Potassium imbalance

A

Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia

27
Q

Calcium imbalance

A

Hypocalcemia/Hypercalcemia

28
Q

Magnesium imbalance

A

Hypomagnesemia/Hypermagnesemia

29
Q

Sodium

A

Cation (positively charged). Exists in the extracellular fluid. Controlled by the sodium-potassium pump. Concentration is higher in extracellular than intracellular. Important in extracellular fluid maintenance. Controlled primarily by kidneys (aldosterone hormone). Important in nerve impulses and muscle contraction

30
Q

Potassium

A

Major intracellular cation. Under the influence of aldosterone hormone. Imbalances with destabilize cardiac conduction- can lead to lethal cardiac arrhythmias

31
Q

Calcium

A

Extracellular cation. Stored in bone. Deficiency can cause nerve imbalances, muscular contraction. Excess can cause decrease in neuromuscular function, mental changes, and changes in personality. Excess may be caused by parathyroid hormone imbalances. When severe, can lead to lethal cardiac arrhythmias

32
Q

Magnesium

A

Intracellular cation. Works with calcium and potassium. Majority stored in bone. Deficiencies are rare.

33
Q

Normal serum pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

34
Q

Acidosis

A

lower than 7.4 pH

35
Q

Alkalosis

A

higher than 7.4 pH

36
Q

Death

A

pH lower than 6.8 and higher than 7.8

37
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Increase in CO2 levels (acid) respiratory problems. Caused by acute problems such as pneumonia, airway obstruction, chest injuries, opiate depressing the respiratory center, or chronic problems such as COPD or emphysema

38
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Decrease in bicarbonate ions

(base) because of metabolic or renal problems. Caused bt excessive loss of bicarbonate ions and renal disease/failure

39
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased respirations cause a decrease in CO2 (less acid). Caused by hyperventilation (usually caused by anxiety, high fever, or overdose of aspirin)

40
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Increase in serum bicarbonate ion; less of hydrogen ions through the kidneys or GI tract. Caused by loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach either in early stages of vomiting or with drainage from the stomach, or from consuming too many antacids

41
Q

Mechanisms that control or compensate for pH levels

A

Buffer pairs respond to immediate changes, respiratory system through carbonic acid (CO2) increasing or decreasing respiratory rate, and kidneys can modify the excretion of acids and the production and absorption of bicarbonate

42
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low serum sodium levels

43
Q

Hypernatremia

A

High serum sodium levels

44
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low serum potassium levels

45
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High serum potassium levels

46
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Low serum calcium levels

47
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High serum calcium levels

48
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Low serum magnesium levels

49
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

High serum magnesium levels

Foundations of Therapeutic Interventions (9 decks)

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