Chapter 2- Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards
(49 cards)
Water
Major component of the body both within and outside of. cells. Essential for homeostasis. It is the medium where metabolic reactions and other processes take place. Serves as transportation system for the body and facilitates movements of body parts
Intracellular fluid compartment
Fluid inside the cells
Extracellular fluid compartments
Fluid outside the cells
Components of extracellular fluid
Intravascular fluid (blood), interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and transcellular fluid
Balance intake and output
Amount of water entering the body should equal the amount leaving the body
Thirst mechanism
In the hypothalamus. Regulates balance of water and electrolytes
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Kidneys; regulates balance of water and electrolytes
Aldosterone hormone
Kidneys; regulates balance of water and electrolytes
Natriuretic peptide hormones
Cardiac muscles. Atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide. Regulates balance of water and electrolytes
Hydrostatic pressure
The push
Osmotic pressure
The pull
Osmolarity
Concentration of solute in the fluid. Affects fluid shifts between compartments, including cells
Factors affecting fluid balance
Intake and output, hormonal influence, health of heart, kidneys, and lymphatic system, ability of capillaries, veins, and arteries to respond to interstitial fluid, and hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Edema
Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment which causes swelling or enlargement of the tissues. May be localized in one area or generalized throughout the body. Depends on the tissue, it may be highly visible, relatively invisible, or not accurately reflect amount of fluid hidden in the area
Causes of edema
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins resulting in a decrease in plasma osmotic pressure, obstruction of lymphatic circulation and increased capillary permeability
Effects of edema
Local area of swelling, pitting edema, significant increase in body weight, and functional impairment. Also pain, arterial circulation impaired, dental issues, and susceptibility to breakdown
Dehydration
Insufficient body fluids due to inadequate intake or excessive loss of fluids or both. Measured by change in body weight
Mild loss
Decrease in 2%
Moderate loss
Decrease in 5%
Severe loss
Decrease in 8%
Causes of dehydration
Vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating, DKA, insufficient water intake in elderly or unconscious, use of concentrated formula in attempt to provide more nutrition to infant
Effects of dehydration
Dry mucus membranes in mouth, decreased skin turgor, lower BP, pulse, fatigue, increased hematocrit, and decrease in mental function and confusion
Compensation for dehydration
Increasing thirst, increasing heart rate, pale, cool skin, produce less urine and concentrating urine increasing the specific gravity
Third spacing
Fluid shifts out of the blood into the body cavity or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid. Need lab tests for identification. Found as edema in the area of burn wounds
