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a&p i lecture > Chapter 6 (I) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (I) Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves?

A

skeletal cartilage

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2
Q

what does water lend in skeletal cartilage?

A

lend resiliency

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3
Q

what surrounds the skeletal cartilage and contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery?

A

perichondrium

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4
Q

what does perichondrium resist?

A

outward expansion

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5
Q

all skeletal cartilages contain ______ in lacunae and extracellular matrix.

A

chondrocytes

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6
Q

what cartilage provides support, flexibility, and resilience?

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

what fibers do hyaline cartilage contain?

A

collagen ONLY

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8
Q

what type of cartilage is found in the articular, costal (ribs), respiratory, and nasal cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

what fibers do elastic cartilage contain?

A

elastic fibers

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10
Q

what cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage

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11
Q

what type of cartilage do fibrocartilage have?

A

thick collagen fibers

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12
Q

what cartilage is found in the menisci of knee and vertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage

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13
Q

what cartilage growth has cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage?

A

appositional growth

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14
Q

what cartilage growth has chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within?

A

interstitial growth

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15
Q

what occurs during normal bone growth and hardens cartilage?

A

calcification

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16
Q

what shapes are bones classified by?

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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17
Q

what are the functions of bones?

A 
mineral and growth factor storage
blood cell formation in red marrow
fat storage in bone cavities 
hormone production
support, protection, movement
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18
Q

what regulates bone formation, protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus?

A

osteocalcin

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19
Q

how are bones considered organs?

A

contain different types of tissues

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20
Q

what are 2 different bone textures?

A

compact and spongy

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21
Q

what bone has a dense outer layer that is smooth and solid?

A

compact bone

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22
Q

what bone has a honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae?

A

spongy bone

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23
Q

what structure of bone does this describe?

thin plates of spongy covered by compact
plates sandwiched btwn connective tissue membrane
no shaft/epiphyses
bone marrow throughout spongy
hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces

A

short, irregular, and flat bones

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24
Q

what structure of bone does this describe?

tubular shaft forms long axis
compact surround medullary cavity

A

diaphysis long bone

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25
Q

what structure of bone does this describe?

bone ends
external compact, internal spongy
articular cartilage covers articular surface
btwn epiphyseal line

A

epiphyses long bone

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26
Q

what is a epiphyseal line

A

remnant of childhood bone growth at epiphyseal plate

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27
Q

what has a white, double layered membrane and many nerve fibers and blood vessels?

A

periosteum

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28
Q

what does the periosteum cover?

A

external surfaces except joint surfaces

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29
Q

what does the outer layer of the periosteum have?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

sharpey’s fibers

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30
Q

what does the osteogenic layers of the periosteum contain?

A

primitive stem cells (osteogenic cells)

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31
Q

periosteum is an anchoring point for ______ and ______.

A

anchoring point for tendons and ligaments

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32
Q

what layer abuts the bone?

A

osteogenic layer

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33
Q

what fiber secures the bone matrix?

A

sharpey’s fibers

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34
Q

what has a delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces?

A

endosteum

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35
Q

what does the endosteum cover?

what does the endosteum line?

A

covers trabeculae of spongy bone

lines canals that pass through compact bone

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36
Q

what cells do endosteum contain and what can they do?

A

contain osteogenic cells and can differentiate into other bone cells

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37
Q

what is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones?

A

red marrow

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38
Q

where is red marrow found in newborns?

A

medullary cavities and spongy bones

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39
Q

where is red marrow found in adult bones?

A

femur and humerus

40
Q

which bones have little red marrow?

A

adult long bones

41
Q

where is red marrow most active?

A

diploe and irregular bones

42
Q

yellow marrow can be converted to what when necessary?

A

red marrow

43
Q

what are sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces?

A

bone markings

44
Q

what are the 3 categories of bone markings?

A

projections
depressions
openings

45
Q

what are conduits for blood vessels and nerves?

A

bone markings

46
Q

what bone marking indicates stresses created by muscle pull or joint modifications?

A

projections

47
Q

what bone marking usually allows nerves and blood vessels to pass?

A

depressions and openings

48
Q

what are the 5 major cells of bone tissue?

A
  1. osteogenic cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. bone lining cells
  5. osteoclasts
49
Q

osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)

A

mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

50
Q

what happens when osteogenic cells are stimulated?

A

differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells or some persist as osteogenic cells

51
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

actively mitotic

52
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete?

A

unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid

includes collagen and calcium binding proteins

53
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells in lacunae

54
Q

what do osteocytes monitor and maintain?

A

bone matrix

55
Q

what cells act as stress or strain sensors?

A

osteocytes

56
Q

what cells respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli to osteoblasts and osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur?

A

osteocytes

57
Q

bone lining cells

A

flat cells on bone surfaces

help maintain matrix

58
Q

periosteal cells (bone lining cells) are located on what?

A

external bone surface

59
Q

endosteal cells (bone lining cells) line what?

A

line internal substances

60
Q

where are osteoclasts derived from? and what do they become?

A

derived from hematopoietic cells

become macrophages

61
Q

osteoclasts

A

giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption

62
Q

when actively resorbing (breaking down) bone, where do osteoclasts lie?

A

lie in a shallow depression they have carved out

63
Q

what cell has a distinctive ruffled border that increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix?

A

osteoclasts

64
Q

what is the structural unit of the compact bone?

A

osteon

65
Q

what is an elongated cylinder that is parallel to the long axis of bone?

A

osteon

66
Q

what are the hollow tubes of bone matrix called?

A

lamellae

67
Q

why do collagen fibers in adjacent rings of lamellae run in different directions?

A

to withstand stress and resist twisting

68
Q

what runs through the core of the osteon and contains blood vessels/nerve fibers?

A

central canal or haversian canal

69
Q

what canals are lined with endosteum at right angles to the central canal?

A

perforating (volkmann’s) canals

70
Q

what do perforating (volkmann’s) canals do?

A

connect blood vessels and nerves to periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

71
Q

what are small cavities that contain osteocytes?

A

lacunae

72
Q

what are hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal?

A

canaliculi

73
Q

how do osteoblasts secreting bone matrix maintain contact with each other and osteocytes?

A

cell projections with gap junctions

74
Q

when do the canaliculi form?

A

when matrix hardens and cell are trapped

75
Q

what allows communication and permits nutrients and wastes to be relayed from 1 osteocytes to another throughout osteon?

A

canaliculi

76
Q

what is an incomplete lamellae, not part of a complete osteon?

A

interstitial lamellae

77
Q

interstitial lamellae either fills gap between ______ or are remnants of ______ that have been cut through by bone remodeling.

A

fills gap between forming osteons

remnants of osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling

78
Q

what is located just deep to periosteum, superficial to endosteum, and extend around entire surface of diaphysis?

A

circumferential lamellae

79
Q

what does circumferential lamellae do?

A

resist twisting of long bone

80
Q

which bone appears to be poorly organized?

A

spongy

81
Q

where do trabeculae align?

A

align along lines of stress

82
Q

which bone has no osteons?

A

spongy

83
Q

which bone has irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi?

A

spongy

84
Q

what do capillaries in the endosteum supply?

A

nutrients

85
Q

what is an osteoid and what is it made of?

A

what is it: 1/3 of organic bone matrix
what is it made of: ground substance and
collagen fibers

86
Q

what do osteoids provide?

A

structure, strength, flexibility

87
Q

resilience of bone is due to ______ in or between collagen molecules.

A

sacrificial bonds

88
Q

why do sacrificial bonds stretch and break easily on impact?

A

to dissipate energy and prevent fracture

89
Q

what happens to sacrificial bonds if there is no additional trauma?

A

bonds re-form

90
Q

what does the organic component of the bone contain?

A

cells and osteoid

91
Q

what does the inorganic component of the bone contain?

A

hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

92
Q

what are hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) mainly made of?

A

tiny calcium phosphate in/around collagen fibers

93
Q

what are hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) responsible for?

A

hardness/resistance to compression

94
Q

what is half as strong as steel in resisting compression?

what is as strong as steel in resisting tension?

A

bone

95
Q

why do bones last long after death?

A

mineral composition

96
Q

what do bones reveal?

A

info about ancient people

97
Q

what do bones display?

A

growth arrest lines- horizontal lines on bones that provide proof of illness

a&p i lecture (8 decks)

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