Chapter 5 Flashcards
most skin tumors are ______ and do not ______.
most skin tumors are benign (not cancerous) and do not metastasize (spread)
what are the risk factors of skin cancer?
overexposure to UV radiation
frequent irritation of skin
why are secondary tumors so dangerous?
break off from primary location to other locations in the body such as bone, liver or brain (rich environments)
what causes disruption of organ function?
cancer cells
what are the 4 major types of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
merkel cell carcinoma
what type of cancer is the least dangerous and the most common?
what type of cancer is the most dangerous and least common?
least dangerous/most common- basal cell carcinoma
most dangerous/least common- merkel cell carcinoma
what are the 2 distinct regions of the integument system (skin)?
epidermis and dermis
what is the superficial region of the skin and is made up of epithelial tissue?
epidermis
what underlies the epidermis and is mostly made up of fibrous connective tissue?
dermis
what lies between the dermis and the muscle and is mostly made up of adipose tissue?
hypodermis (superficial fascia)
what is the function of the hypodermis (superficial fascia)?
absorbs shocks, insulates, anchors skin to underlying structures
what is the function of the dermis?
tough, gives strength (collagen), and prevent from tearing
what is the function of the epidermis?
outer barrier, protects
what are the 5 distinct layers of the epidermis (in order from top to bottom layer)?
stratum corneum (top) stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale (bottom)
what type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what 4 cells are in the epidermis?
keratinocytes, melaoncytes, dendritic cells, and tactile cells
as keratinocytes move toward the stratum corneum, they become ______.
dead
what has 20-30 layers of dead cells, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin, and glycolipids filling the extracellular space?
stratum corneum
what has 5 layers of flattened cells with deteriorating organelles and cytoplasm full of lamellar/keratohyaline granules?
stratum granulosum
what has several layers of keratinocytes that are unified by desmosomes and have an abundant amount of melanocytes and dendritic cells?
stratum spinosum
what has 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells with occasional melanocytes/dendritic cells?
stratum basale
what produces fibrous protein keratin and are tightly connected by desmosomes?
keratinocytes
what cells produce pigment melanin and protects apical surface from UV damage?
melanocytes
what type of cells are key activators of the immune system?
dendritic (langerhans) cells
what cells serve as sensory touch receptors?
tactile (merkel) cells
the basal layer produces what 2 daughter cells?
- cell that journeys from basal layer to surface
2. cell that remains in stratum basale as stem cell
why do cells above the stratum granulosum die?
because they are too far from the dermal capillaries
what are lamellar granules?
water-resistant glycolipids that slow water loss
what layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin and has a thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum?
stratum lucidum
what are the functions of the cells in the stratum corneum?
protect deeper cells from environment and water loss
protect from abrasion/penetration
barrier against biological, chemical, physical assaults
cells changing from stratum basale to stratum corneum is accomplished by a specialized form of ______.
apoptosis
what is controlled cellular suicide called?
apoptosis
a strong, flexible, connective tissue is called?
dermis
what cells are found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells/white blood cells
fibers in the matrix of the dermis do what?
bind body together
what part of the skin contains nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels?
dermis
what part of the skin contains epidermal hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands?
dermis
what are the 2 layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
papillary layer (dermis)
thinner layer
areolar connective tissue (loose tissue)
dermal papillae (wave-like)
the loose tissue in the papillary layer allows ______ to patrol for microorganisms?
phagocytes
what contains capillary loops, meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors), and free nerve endings (pain receptors)?
dermal papillae
where does dermal papillae lie? what does it cause?
dermal papillae lies in thick skin atop dermal ridges
cause epidermal ridges
friction ridges enhance ______ and contribute to ______.
enhance gripping ability and contribute to sense of touch
reticular layer (dermis)
dense fibrous connective tissue
with elastic and collagen fibers
what do elastic fibers provide in reticular layer of the dermis?
provide stretch-recoil properties
what do collagen fibers provide in the reticular layer of the dermis?
provide strength and resiliency
bind water
what type of lines move parallel to the collagen fibers?
cleavage lines
why are cleavage lines important to surgeons?
need to cut as few collagen fibers as possible
cutting along cleavage lines heal quickly
what type of lines cause dermal folds at/near joints and are tightly secured to deeper structures?
flexure lines
what are silvery-white scars that are a result of extreme stretching/tear of collagen fibers?
striae
what are fluid filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers and are a result of acute, short-term trauma?
blisters
what are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
what is the only pigment made in the skin?
melanin
what pigment is from your diet and makes vitamin A?
carotene
what is a natural pigment found in red blood cells and binds oxygen to get a pinkish color of the skin?
hemoglobin
what are the 2 forms of melanin?
reddish-yellow and brownish-black
color differences in skin are due to ______ and ______ of melanin.
due to amount and form of melanin
where is melanin produced? where do they migrate to form pigment shields in nuclei?
melanin produced in melanocytes
melanin migrates to keratinocytes to form pigment shields
what are freckles and moles?
local accumulations of melanin
how is melanin production stimulated?
sun exposure
what is a fungal infection that is not related to melanin?
sunspots
what causes yellow/orange pigment that is most obvious in the palms and soles?
carotene
where does carotene accumulate?
stratum corneum and hypodermis
carotene can be converted to ______ for vision and epidermal health.
vitamin A
what causes a blue skin color due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin (circulatory problem)?
cyanosis
what causes redness due to immune system excitement, (fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies, and increased blood pressure)?
erythema
what causes whiteness due to anemia, low blood pressure, fear, and anger?
pallor
what causes yellowness due to liver disorder (cannot break down bilirubin)?
jaundice
what causes discoloration of the skin because of problems with hormones/endocrine disorder?
bronzing
what causes discoloration of skin due to clotted blood beneath the skin?
bruises
what are dead keratinized cell of hard keratin and are more durable than soft keratin of skin?
hair
what are the functions of the hair?
warn us of insects on skin
protect from physical trauma
prevent heat loss
protect from sunlight
what hair pigment is responsible for yellow, rust, brown, and black hair? what hair pigment is responsible for red hair?
yellow, rust, brown, and black hair: melanin
red hair: trichosiderin
what causes gray/white hair?
decreased melanin production
increased air bubbles in shaft
what cells make up hair?
keratinocytes and melanocytes
what part of the hair follicle contains hair follicle receptors, sensory nerve endings, and hair matrix?
hair bulb
what part of the hair follicle has smooth muscle attached and causes goose bumps?
arrector pilli
what part of the hair follicle has dermal tissue-blood supply and provides nutrients?
hair papilla
what is pale, fine body hair found in children and adult females?
vellus hair
what is coarse long hair of the eyebrows and scalp?
terminal hair
nutrition and hormones affect what?
hair growth
what is it called when hair thins in both sexes after the age of 40?
alopecia
what is baldness caused by?
follicular response to DHT (modified testosterone)
what are treatments for baldness and how do they work?
minoxidil (rogaine): increases circulation to scalp to keep hair follicles healthy
finasteride (propecia): interrupts enzyme that produces DHT
what are scale like modifications of the epidermis and are a protective cover for distal/dorsal surface of fingers/toes?
nails
do nails contain hard or soft keratin?
hard keratin
where does growth occur in the nails?
nail matrix
what are the 2 main types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
what type of cells do sweat glands have?
myoepithelial cells
what are myoepithelial cells?
squeeze to move secretions out
which sweat gland is the most numerous, located on palms, soles, and forehead, and have ducts connected to pores?
eccrine sweat glands
which sweat gland functions thermoregulation and is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system?
eccrine sweat glands
what is eccrine sweat made of?
water, salts, vitamin c, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe killing peptide), and metabolic waste
what type of sweat glands are larger, associated with hair follicles and are confined to axillary and anogenital areas?
apocrine sweat glands
what is apocrine sweat made of?
sweat, fatty substances, and proteins
when do apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands begin functioning?
at puberty
ceruminous glands (modified apocrine glands)
lining of external ear canal secrete earwax (cerumen)
mammary glands (modified apocrine glands)
secrete milk
what type of glands are widely distributed, help waterproof/protect skin and hair, and keeps it healthy(prevents from drying out)?
sebaceous glands
where do sebaceous glands develop from and secrete into?
develop from hair follicles
secrete into hair follicles
sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which is what?
holocrine (die/explode oily content)
bactericidal
softens hair and skin
what are the functions of the integumentary system?
protection body temp regulation cutaneous secretion metabolic functions blood reservoir excretion
what are the 3 types of barriers of the integumentary system?
chemical
physical
biological
chemical barriers of the integumentary system
skin secretions (low pH retards bactericidal multiplication and sebum kill bacteria) melanin (defense against UV radiation)
physical barriers of the integumentary system
flat dead stratum corneum surrounded by lipids
keratin/glycolipids block water
limit penetration
biological barriers of the integumentary
dendritic cells and macrophages present foreign antigens to white blood cells
DNA absorbs UV radiation and converts it to heat
insensible perspiration v sensible perspiration
insensible: regulate body temperature whether hot or cold
sensible: regulate body temp when hot, cool body
what causes dermal blood vessels to constrict and skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss?
cold external environment
what receptors are part of the nervous system detects temperature, touch, and pain?
cutaneous sensory receptors
what synthesizes vitamin D precursor and collagenase? what activates hormones and chemically converts carcinogen?
metabolic functions
moving more blood to skin allows the body to ______ and moving blood inward causes the body to ______.
blood to surface: cool
blood to inner body: warm
squamous cell carcinoma involves keratinocytes of ______.
stratum spinosum
what is the key to survival for melanoma?
early detection: ABCD rule A: asymmetry B: border C: color D: diameter
tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, and certain chemicals are known as ______.
burns
what denatures proteins and kills cells?
burns
how do you evaluate burns?
rule of nines
what degree burn has epidermal damage only and has localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain?
1st degree burn
what degree burn has epidermal and upper dermal damage and have blisters?
2nd degree burn
what degree burn involves the entire thickness of skin, is gray-white, cherry red, or blackened skin, and is not painful because all the nerve endings are destroyed?
3rd degree burn
treatment of burns
debridement
antibiotics
temporary covering
skin grafts/synthetic tissue
