Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
most skin tumors are ______ and do not ______.
A
most skin tumors are benign (not cancerous) and do not metastasize (spread)
2
Q
what are the risk factors of skin cancer?
A
overexposure to UV radiation
frequent irritation of skin
3
Q
why are secondary tumors so dangerous?
A
break off from primary location to other locations in the body such as bone, liver or brain (rich environments)
4
Q
what causes disruption of organ function?
A
cancer cells
5
Q
what are the 4 major types of skin cancer?
A
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
merkel cell carcinoma
6
Q
what type of cancer is the least dangerous and the most common?
what type of cancer is the most dangerous and least common?
A
least dangerous/most common- basal cell carcinoma
most dangerous/least common- merkel cell carcinoma
7
Q
what are the 2 distinct regions of the integument system (skin)?
A
epidermis and dermis
8
Q
what is the superficial region of the skin and is made up of epithelial tissue?
A
epidermis
9
Q
what underlies the epidermis and is mostly made up of fibrous connective tissue?
A
dermis
10
Q
what lies between the dermis and the muscle and is mostly made up of adipose tissue?
A
hypodermis (superficial fascia)
11
Q
what is the function of the hypodermis (superficial fascia)?
A
absorbs shocks, insulates, anchors skin to underlying structures
12
Q
what is the function of the dermis?
A
tough, gives strength (collagen), and prevent from tearing
13
Q
what is the function of the epidermis?
A
outer barrier, protects
14
Q
what are the 5 distinct layers of the epidermis (in order from top to bottom layer)?
A
stratum corneum (top) stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale (bottom)
15
Q
what type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
A
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
16
Q
what 4 cells are in the epidermis?
A
keratinocytes, melaoncytes, dendritic cells, and tactile cells
17
Q
as keratinocytes move toward the stratum corneum, they become ______.
A
dead
18
Q
what has 20-30 layers of dead cells, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin, and glycolipids filling the extracellular space?
A
stratum corneum
19
Q
what has 5 layers of flattened cells with deteriorating organelles and cytoplasm full of lamellar/keratohyaline granules?
A
stratum granulosum
20
Q
what has several layers of keratinocytes that are unified by desmosomes and have an abundant amount of melanocytes and dendritic cells?
A
stratum spinosum
21
Q
what has 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells with occasional melanocytes/dendritic cells?
A
stratum basale
22
Q
what produces fibrous protein keratin and are tightly connected by desmosomes?
A
keratinocytes
23
Q
what cells produce pigment melanin and protects apical surface from UV damage?
A
melanocytes
24
Q
what type of cells are key activators of the immune system?
A
dendritic (langerhans) cells
25
what cells serve as sensory touch receptors?
tactile (merkel) cells
26
the basal layer produces what 2 daughter cells?
1. cell that journeys from basal layer to surface
| 2. cell that remains in stratum basale as stem cell
27
why do cells above the stratum granulosum die?
because they are too far from the dermal capillaries
28
what are lamellar granules?
water-resistant glycolipids that slow water loss
29
what layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin and has a thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum?
stratum lucidum
30
what are the functions of the cells in the stratum corneum?
protect deeper cells from environment and water loss
protect from abrasion/penetration
barrier against biological, chemical, physical assaults
31
cells changing from stratum basale to stratum corneum is accomplished by a specialized form of ______.
apoptosis
32
what is controlled cellular suicide called?
apoptosis
33
a strong, flexible, connective tissue is called?
dermis
34
what cells are found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells/white blood cells
35
fibers in the matrix of the dermis do what?
bind body together
36
what part of the skin contains nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels?
dermis
37
what part of the skin contains epidermal hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands?
dermis
38
what are the 2 layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
39
papillary layer (dermis)
thinner layer
areolar connective tissue (loose tissue)
dermal papillae (wave-like)
40
the loose tissue in the papillary layer allows ______ to patrol for microorganisms?
phagocytes
41
what contains capillary loops, meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors), and free nerve endings (pain receptors)?
dermal papillae
42
where does dermal papillae lie? what does it cause?
dermal papillae lies in thick skin atop dermal ridges
| cause epidermal ridges
43
friction ridges enhance ______ and contribute to ______.
enhance gripping ability and contribute to sense of touch
44
reticular layer (dermis)
dense fibrous connective tissue
| with elastic and collagen fibers
45
what do elastic fibers provide in reticular layer of the dermis?
provide stretch-recoil properties
46
what do collagen fibers provide in the reticular layer of the dermis?
provide strength and resiliency
| bind water
47
what type of lines move parallel to the collagen fibers?
cleavage lines
48
why are cleavage lines important to surgeons?
need to cut as few collagen fibers as possible
| cutting along cleavage lines heal quickly
49
what type of lines cause dermal folds at/near joints and are tightly secured to deeper structures?
flexure lines
50
what are silvery-white scars that are a result of extreme stretching/tear of collagen fibers?
striae
51
what are fluid filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers and are a result of acute, short-term trauma?
blisters
52
what are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
53
what is the only pigment made in the skin?
melanin
54
what pigment is from your diet and makes vitamin A?
carotene
55
what is a natural pigment found in red blood cells and binds oxygen to get a pinkish color of the skin?
hemoglobin
56
what are the 2 forms of melanin?
reddish-yellow and brownish-black
57
color differences in skin are due to ______ and ______ of melanin.
due to amount and form of melanin
58
where is melanin produced? where do they migrate to form pigment shields in nuclei?
melanin produced in melanocytes
| melanin migrates to keratinocytes to form pigment shields
59
what are freckles and moles?
local accumulations of melanin
60
how is melanin production stimulated?
sun exposure
61
what is a fungal infection that is not related to melanin?
sunspots
62
what causes yellow/orange pigment that is most obvious in the palms and soles?
carotene
63
where does carotene accumulate?
stratum corneum and hypodermis
64
carotene can be converted to ______ for vision and epidermal health.
vitamin A
65
what causes a blue skin color due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin (circulatory problem)?
cyanosis
66
what causes redness due to immune system excitement, (fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies, and increased blood pressure)?
erythema
67
what causes whiteness due to anemia, low blood pressure, fear, and anger?
pallor
68
what causes yellowness due to liver disorder (cannot break down bilirubin)?
jaundice
69
what causes discoloration of the skin because of problems with hormones/endocrine disorder?
bronzing
70
what causes discoloration of skin due to clotted blood beneath the skin?
bruises
71
what are dead keratinized cell of hard keratin and are more durable than soft keratin of skin?
hair
72
what are the functions of the hair?
warn us of insects on skin
protect from physical trauma
prevent heat loss
protect from sunlight
73
what hair pigment is responsible for yellow, rust, brown, and black hair? what hair pigment is responsible for red hair?
yellow, rust, brown, and black hair: melanin
| red hair: trichosiderin
74
what causes gray/white hair?
decreased melanin production
| increased air bubbles in shaft
75
what cells make up hair?
keratinocytes and melanocytes
76
what part of the hair follicle contains hair follicle receptors, sensory nerve endings, and hair matrix?
hair bulb
77
what part of the hair follicle has smooth muscle attached and causes goose bumps?
arrector pilli
78
what part of the hair follicle has dermal tissue-blood supply and provides nutrients?
hair papilla
79
what is pale, fine body hair found in children and adult females?
vellus hair
80
what is coarse long hair of the eyebrows and scalp?
terminal hair
81
nutrition and hormones affect what?
hair growth
82
what is it called when hair thins in both sexes after the age of 40?
alopecia
83
what is baldness caused by?
follicular response to DHT (modified testosterone)
84
what are treatments for baldness and how do they work?
minoxidil (rogaine): increases circulation to scalp to keep hair follicles healthy
finasteride (propecia): interrupts enzyme that produces DHT
85
what are scale like modifications of the epidermis and are a protective cover for distal/dorsal surface of fingers/toes?
nails
86
do nails contain hard or soft keratin?
hard keratin
87
where does growth occur in the nails?
nail matrix
88
what are the 2 main types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
89
what type of cells do sweat glands have?
myoepithelial cells
90
what are myoepithelial cells?
squeeze to move secretions out
91
which sweat gland is the most numerous, located on palms, soles, and forehead, and have ducts connected to pores?
eccrine sweat glands
92
which sweat gland functions thermoregulation and is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system?
eccrine sweat glands
93
what is eccrine sweat made of?
water, salts, vitamin c, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe killing peptide), and metabolic waste
94
what type of sweat glands are larger, associated with hair follicles and are confined to axillary and anogenital areas?
apocrine sweat glands
95
what is apocrine sweat made of?
sweat, fatty substances, and proteins
96
when do apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands begin functioning?
at puberty
97
ceruminous glands (modified apocrine glands)
```
lining of external ear canal
secrete earwax (cerumen)
```
98
mammary glands (modified apocrine glands)
secrete milk
99
what type of glands are widely distributed, help waterproof/protect skin and hair, and keeps it healthy(prevents from drying out)?
sebaceous glands
100
where do sebaceous glands develop from and secrete into?
develop from hair follicles
| secrete into hair follicles
101
sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which is what?
holocrine (die/explode oily content)
bactericidal
softens hair and skin
102
what are the functions of the integumentary system?
```
protection
body temp regulation
cutaneous secretion
metabolic functions
blood reservoir
excretion
```
103
what are the 3 types of barriers of the integumentary system?
chemical
physical
biological
104
chemical barriers of the integumentary system
```
skin secretions (low pH retards bactericidal multiplication and sebum kill bacteria)
melanin (defense against UV radiation)
```
105
physical barriers of the integumentary system
flat dead stratum corneum surrounded by lipids
keratin/glycolipids block water
limit penetration
106
biological barriers of the integumentary
dendritic cells and macrophages present foreign antigens to white blood cells
DNA absorbs UV radiation and converts it to heat
107
insensible perspiration v sensible perspiration
insensible: regulate body temperature whether hot or cold
sensible: regulate body temp when hot, cool body
108
what causes dermal blood vessels to constrict and skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss?
cold external environment
109
what receptors are part of the nervous system detects temperature, touch, and pain?
cutaneous sensory receptors
110
what synthesizes vitamin D precursor and collagenase? what activates hormones and chemically converts carcinogen?
metabolic functions
111
moving more blood to skin allows the body to ______ and moving blood inward causes the body to ______.
blood to surface: cool
| blood to inner body: warm
112
squamous cell carcinoma involves keratinocytes of ______.
stratum spinosum
113
what is the key to survival for melanoma?
```
early detection: ABCD rule
A: asymmetry
B: border
C: color
D: diameter
```
114
tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, and certain chemicals are known as ______.
burns
115
what denatures proteins and kills cells?
burns
116
how do you evaluate burns?
rule of nines
117
what degree burn has epidermal damage only and has localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain?
1st degree burn
118
what degree burn has epidermal and upper dermal damage and have blisters?
2nd degree burn
119
what degree burn involves the entire thickness of skin, is gray-white, cherry red, or blackened skin, and is not painful because all the nerve endings are destroyed?
3rd degree burn
120
treatment of burns
debridement
antibiotics
temporary covering
skin grafts/synthetic tissue
