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A&P I Lecture > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

most skin tumors are ______ and do not ______.

A

most skin tumors are benign (not cancerous) and do not metastasize (spread)

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2
Q

what are the risk factors of skin cancer?

A

overexposure to UV radiation

frequent irritation of skin

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3
Q

why are secondary tumors so dangerous?

A

break off from primary location to other locations in the body such as bone, liver or brain (rich environments)

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4
Q

what causes disruption of organ function?

A

cancer cells

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5
Q

what are the 4 major types of skin cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
merkel cell carcinoma

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6
Q

what type of cancer is the least dangerous and the most common?
what type of cancer is the most dangerous and least common?

A

least dangerous/most common- basal cell carcinoma

most dangerous/least common- merkel cell carcinoma

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7
Q

what are the 2 distinct regions of the integument system (skin)?

A

epidermis and dermis

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8
Q

what is the superficial region of the skin and is made up of epithelial tissue?

A

epidermis

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9
Q

what underlies the epidermis and is mostly made up of fibrous connective tissue?

A

dermis

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10
Q

what lies between the dermis and the muscle and is mostly made up of adipose tissue?

A

hypodermis (superficial fascia)

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11
Q

what is the function of the hypodermis (superficial fascia)?

A

absorbs shocks, insulates, anchors skin to underlying structures

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12
Q

what is the function of the dermis?

A

tough, gives strength (collagen), and prevent from tearing

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13
Q

what is the function of the epidermis?

A

outer barrier, protects

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14
Q

what are the 5 distinct layers of the epidermis (in order from top to bottom layer)?

A 
stratum corneum (top)
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum 
stratum spinosum
stratum basale (bottom)
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15
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

what 4 cells are in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melaoncytes, dendritic cells, and tactile cells

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17
Q

as keratinocytes move toward the stratum corneum, they become ______.

A

dead

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18
Q

what has 20-30 layers of dead cells, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin, and glycolipids filling the extracellular space?

A

stratum corneum

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19
Q

what has 5 layers of flattened cells with deteriorating organelles and cytoplasm full of lamellar/keratohyaline granules?

A

stratum granulosum

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20
Q

what has several layers of keratinocytes that are unified by desmosomes and have an abundant amount of melanocytes and dendritic cells?

A

stratum spinosum

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21
Q

what has 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells with occasional melanocytes/dendritic cells?

A

stratum basale

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22
Q

what produces fibrous protein keratin and are tightly connected by desmosomes?

A

keratinocytes

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23
Q

what cells produce pigment melanin and protects apical surface from UV damage?

A

melanocytes

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24
Q

what type of cells are key activators of the immune system?

A

dendritic (langerhans) cells

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25
Q

what cells serve as sensory touch receptors?

A

tactile (merkel) cells

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26
Q

the basal layer produces what 2 daughter cells?

A
  1. cell that journeys from basal layer to surface

2. cell that remains in stratum basale as stem cell

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27
Q

why do cells above the stratum granulosum die?

A

because they are too far from the dermal capillaries

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28
Q

what are lamellar granules?

A

water-resistant glycolipids that slow water loss

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29
Q

what layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin and has a thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum?

A

stratum lucidum

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30
Q

what are the functions of the cells in the stratum corneum?

A

protect deeper cells from environment and water loss
protect from abrasion/penetration
barrier against biological, chemical, physical assaults

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31
Q

cells changing from stratum basale to stratum corneum is accomplished by a specialized form of ______.

A

apoptosis

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32
Q

what is controlled cellular suicide called?

A

apoptosis

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33
Q

a strong, flexible, connective tissue is called?

A

dermis

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34
Q

what cells are found in the dermis?

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells/white blood cells

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35
Q

fibers in the matrix of the dermis do what?

A

bind body together

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36
Q

what part of the skin contains nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels?

A

dermis

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37
Q

what part of the skin contains epidermal hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands?

A

dermis

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38
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

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39
Q

papillary layer (dermis)

A

thinner layer
areolar connective tissue (loose tissue)
dermal papillae (wave-like)

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40
Q

the loose tissue in the papillary layer allows ______ to patrol for microorganisms?

A

phagocytes

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41
Q

what contains capillary loops, meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors), and free nerve endings (pain receptors)?

A

dermal papillae

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42
Q

where does dermal papillae lie? what does it cause?

A

dermal papillae lies in thick skin atop dermal ridges

cause epidermal ridges

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43
Q

friction ridges enhance ______ and contribute to ______.

A

enhance gripping ability and contribute to sense of touch

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44
Q

reticular layer (dermis)

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

with elastic and collagen fibers

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45
Q

what do elastic fibers provide in reticular layer of the dermis?

A

provide stretch-recoil properties

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46
Q

what do collagen fibers provide in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

provide strength and resiliency

bind water

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47
Q

what type of lines move parallel to the collagen fibers?

A

cleavage lines

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48
Q

why are cleavage lines important to surgeons?

A

need to cut as few collagen fibers as possible

cutting along cleavage lines heal quickly

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49
Q

what type of lines cause dermal folds at/near joints and are tightly secured to deeper structures?

A

flexure lines

50
Q

what are silvery-white scars that are a result of extreme stretching/tear of collagen fibers?

A

striae

51
Q

what are fluid filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers and are a result of acute, short-term trauma?

A

blisters

52
Q

what are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

53
Q

what is the only pigment made in the skin?

A

melanin

54
Q

what pigment is from your diet and makes vitamin A?

A

carotene

55
Q

what is a natural pigment found in red blood cells and binds oxygen to get a pinkish color of the skin?

A

hemoglobin

56
Q

what are the 2 forms of melanin?

A

reddish-yellow and brownish-black

57
Q

color differences in skin are due to ______ and ______ of melanin.

A

due to amount and form of melanin

58
Q

where is melanin produced? where do they migrate to form pigment shields in nuclei?

A

melanin produced in melanocytes

melanin migrates to keratinocytes to form pigment shields

59
Q

what are freckles and moles?

A

local accumulations of melanin

60
Q

how is melanin production stimulated?

A

sun exposure

61
Q

what is a fungal infection that is not related to melanin?

A

sunspots

62
Q

what causes yellow/orange pigment that is most obvious in the palms and soles?

A

carotene

63
Q

where does carotene accumulate?

A

stratum corneum and hypodermis

64
Q

carotene can be converted to ______ for vision and epidermal health.

A

vitamin A

65
Q

what causes a blue skin color due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin (circulatory problem)?

A

cyanosis

66
Q

what causes redness due to immune system excitement, (fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies, and increased blood pressure)?

A

erythema

67
Q

what causes whiteness due to anemia, low blood pressure, fear, and anger?

A

pallor

68
Q

what causes yellowness due to liver disorder (cannot break down bilirubin)?

A

jaundice

69
Q

what causes discoloration of the skin because of problems with hormones/endocrine disorder?

A

bronzing

70
Q

what causes discoloration of skin due to clotted blood beneath the skin?

A

bruises

71
Q

what are dead keratinized cell of hard keratin and are more durable than soft keratin of skin?

A

hair

72
Q

what are the functions of the hair?

A

warn us of insects on skin
protect from physical trauma
prevent heat loss
protect from sunlight

73
Q

what hair pigment is responsible for yellow, rust, brown, and black hair? what hair pigment is responsible for red hair?

A

yellow, rust, brown, and black hair: melanin

red hair: trichosiderin

74
Q

what causes gray/white hair?

A

decreased melanin production

increased air bubbles in shaft

75
Q

what cells make up hair?

A

keratinocytes and melanocytes

76
Q

what part of the hair follicle contains hair follicle receptors, sensory nerve endings, and hair matrix?

A

hair bulb

77
Q

what part of the hair follicle has smooth muscle attached and causes goose bumps?

A

arrector pilli

78
Q

what part of the hair follicle has dermal tissue-blood supply and provides nutrients?

A

hair papilla

79
Q

what is pale, fine body hair found in children and adult females?

A

vellus hair

80
Q

what is coarse long hair of the eyebrows and scalp?

A

terminal hair

81
Q

nutrition and hormones affect what?

A

hair growth

82
Q

what is it called when hair thins in both sexes after the age of 40?

A

alopecia

83
Q

what is baldness caused by?

A

follicular response to DHT (modified testosterone)

84
Q

what are treatments for baldness and how do they work?

A

minoxidil (rogaine): increases circulation to scalp to keep hair follicles healthy
finasteride (propecia): interrupts enzyme that produces DHT

85
Q

what are scale like modifications of the epidermis and are a protective cover for distal/dorsal surface of fingers/toes?

A

nails

86
Q

do nails contain hard or soft keratin?

A

hard keratin

87
Q

where does growth occur in the nails?

A

nail matrix

88
Q

what are the 2 main types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine and apocrine

89
Q

what type of cells do sweat glands have?

A

myoepithelial cells

90
Q

what are myoepithelial cells?

A

squeeze to move secretions out

91
Q

which sweat gland is the most numerous, located on palms, soles, and forehead, and have ducts connected to pores?

A

eccrine sweat glands

92
Q

which sweat gland functions thermoregulation and is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

eccrine sweat glands

93
Q

what is eccrine sweat made of?

A

water, salts, vitamin c, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe killing peptide), and metabolic waste

94
Q

what type of sweat glands are larger, associated with hair follicles and are confined to axillary and anogenital areas?

A

apocrine sweat glands

95
Q

what is apocrine sweat made of?

A

sweat, fatty substances, and proteins

96
Q

when do apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands begin functioning?

A

at puberty

97
Q

ceruminous glands (modified apocrine glands)

A 
lining of external ear canal 
secrete earwax (cerumen)
98
Q

mammary glands (modified apocrine glands)

A

secrete milk

99
Q

what type of glands are widely distributed, help waterproof/protect skin and hair, and keeps it healthy(prevents from drying out)?

A

sebaceous glands

100
Q

where do sebaceous glands develop from and secrete into?

A

develop from hair follicles

secrete into hair follicles

101
Q

sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which is what?

A

holocrine (die/explode oily content)
bactericidal
softens hair and skin

102
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

A 
protection
body temp regulation 
cutaneous secretion
metabolic functions
blood reservoir 
excretion
103
Q

what are the 3 types of barriers of the integumentary system?

A

chemical
physical
biological

104
Q

chemical barriers of the integumentary system

A 
skin secretions (low pH retards bactericidal multiplication and sebum kill bacteria)
melanin (defense against UV radiation)
105
Q

physical barriers of the integumentary system

A

flat dead stratum corneum surrounded by lipids
keratin/glycolipids block water
limit penetration

106
Q

biological barriers of the integumentary

A

dendritic cells and macrophages present foreign antigens to white blood cells
DNA absorbs UV radiation and converts it to heat

107
Q

insensible perspiration v sensible perspiration

A

insensible: regulate body temperature whether hot or cold
sensible: regulate body temp when hot, cool body

108
Q

what causes dermal blood vessels to constrict and skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss?

A

cold external environment

109
Q

what receptors are part of the nervous system detects temperature, touch, and pain?

A

cutaneous sensory receptors

110
Q

what synthesizes vitamin D precursor and collagenase? what activates hormones and chemically converts carcinogen?

A

metabolic functions

111
Q

moving more blood to skin allows the body to ______ and moving blood inward causes the body to ______.

A

blood to surface: cool

blood to inner body: warm

112
Q

squamous cell carcinoma involves keratinocytes of ______.

A

stratum spinosum

113
Q

what is the key to survival for melanoma?

A 
early detection: ABCD rule
A: asymmetry 
B: border
C: color
D: diameter
114
Q

tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, and certain chemicals are known as ______.

A

burns

115
Q

what denatures proteins and kills cells?

A

burns

116
Q

how do you evaluate burns?

A

rule of nines

117
Q

what degree burn has epidermal damage only and has localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain?

A

1st degree burn

118
Q

what degree burn has epidermal and upper dermal damage and have blisters?

A

2nd degree burn

119
Q

what degree burn involves the entire thickness of skin, is gray-white, cherry red, or blackened skin, and is not painful because all the nerve endings are destroyed?

A

3rd degree burn

120
Q

treatment of burns

A

debridement
antibiotics
temporary covering
skin grafts/synthetic tissue

A&P I Lecture (8 decks)

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