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A&P I Lecture > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

provides links from and to world outside body

A

PNS

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2
Q

all neural structures outside brain in PNS

A

sensory receptors (afferent)
peripheral nerves
associated ganglia
motor endings (efferent)

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3
Q

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

A

mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

sensitive to changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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5
Q

respond to light energy (ex. retina)

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

respond to chemicals (ex. smell, taste, change in blood chemistry)

A

chemoreceptors

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7
Q

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (ex. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)

A

nociceptors

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8
Q

respond to stimuli arising outside body

A

exteroceptors

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9
Q

contain receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

A

exteroceptors

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10
Q

most special sense organs

A

exteroceptors

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11
Q

respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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12
Q

sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature change

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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13
Q

sometimes cause discomfort but usually unaware of their workings

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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14
Q

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue covering bones and muscles

A

proprioceptors

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15
Q

inform brain of one’s movements

A

proprioceptors

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16
Q

classification by receptor structure

A

simple receptors for general senses

receptors for special senses

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17
Q

has tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense

A

simple receptors for general senses

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18
Q

has modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons

A

simple receptors for general senses

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19
Q

vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste

A

receptors for special senses

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20
Q

simple receptors of the general senses are either ______ or ______.

A

nonencapsulated (free) or encapsulated

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21
Q

abundant in epithelia and connective tissue

A

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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22
Q

most nonmyelinated, small diameter group C fibers; distal endings have knoblike swellings

A

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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23
Q

responds mostly to temperature and pain; some to pressure-induced tissue movement; itch

A

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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24
Q 
cold receptors (10-40 C) in superficial dermis
heat receptors (32-48 C)
A

thermoreceptors

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25
Q

outside temperature range activates ___(1)___ and causes ___(2)___

A

(1) nociceptors

(2) pain

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26
Q

vanilloid receptor

A

player in detection of pain

for nociceptors

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27
Q

ion channel opened by heat, low pH, chemicals (ex. capsaicin)

A

vanilloid receptor

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28
Q

responds to pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, capsaicin

A

nociceptors (pain)

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29
Q

light touch receptors

A

tactile (merkel) discs

hair follicle receptors

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30
Q

location: exteroceptors, interoceptors, propioceptors

stimulus type: thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors

body location: most body tissues, dense connective tissues, epithelia

A

free nerve endings of sensory neurons

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31
Q

location: exteroceptors

stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; slowly adapting

body location: basal layer of epidermis

A

tactile (merkel) discs

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32
Q

location: exteroceptors

stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; rapidly adapting

body location: in and surrounding hair follicles

A

hair follicle receptors

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33
Q

all mechanoreceptors in connective tissue capsule

A

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles
lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)

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34
Q

discriminative touch

A

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles

35
Q

deep pressure and vibration

A

lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles

36
Q

deep continuous pressure

A

bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)

37
Q

proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles
tendon organs
joint kinesthetic receptors

38
Q

muscle spindles

A

muscle stretch

39
Q

tendon organs

A

stretch in tendons

40
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

joint position and motion

41
Q

location: exteroceptors

stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; rapidly adapting

body location: dermal papillae of hairless skin (nipples, genitalia, fingertips, soles of feet, eyelids)

A

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles

42
Q

location: exteroceptors, interoceptors, some proprioceptors

stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; rapidly adapting

body location: dermis and hypodermis; periostea, mesentery, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules; abundant on fingers, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples

A

lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles

43
Q

location: exteroceptors and proprioceptors

stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; slowly or nonadapting

body location: deep in dermis, hypodermis, joint capsules

A

bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)

44
Q

3 basic levels of neural integration in sensory systems

A
  1. receptor level
  2. circuit level
  3. perceptual level
45
Q

receptor level

A

sensory reception and transmission to CNS

46
Q

circuit level

A

processing in ascending pathways

47
Q

perceptual level

A

processing in cortical sensory centers

48
Q

produce a sensation

A
  1. stimulus applied in receptive field
  2. transduction occurs
  3. graded potentials reach threshold
  4. action potential
49
Q

receptors have specificity for ______ ______.

A

stimulus energy

50
Q

stimulus changed to graded potential (generator potential or receptor potential)

A

transduction

51
Q

change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

A

adaptation

52
Q

in adaptation, receptor membranes become less ___(1)___ and receptor potentials decline in ___(2)___ or ___(3)___.

A

(1) responsive
(2) frequency
(3) stop

53
Q

signal beginning or end of stimulus (ex. receptors for pressure, touch, and smell)

A

phasic (fast-adaption) receptors

54
Q

adapt slowly or not at all (ex. nociceptors and most proprioceptors)

A

tonic receptors

55
Q

pathways of 3 neurons conduct ______ ______ upward to appropriate cortical regions.

A

sensory impulses

56
Q

conduct impulse from receptor level to spinal reflexes or 2nd order neurons in CNS

A

first order sensory neurons

57
Q

transmit impulse to 3rd order sensory neurons

A

second order sensory neurons

58
Q

conduct impulse from thalamus to somatosensory cortex (perceptual level)

A

third order neurons

59
Q

interpretation of sensory input depends on specific location of target neurons in ______ ______.

A

sensory cortex

60
Q

ability to detect a stimulus (requires summation of impulses)

A

perceptual detection

61
Q

intensity coded in frequency of impulses

A

magnitude estimation

62
Q

identifying site or pattern of stimulus (studied by two-point discrimination test)

A

spatial discrimination

63
Q

identification of more complex aspects and integration of several stimulus properties

A

feature abstraction

64
Q

ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (e.g., sweet or sour tastes)

A

quality discrimination

65
Q

recognition of familiar or significant patterns in stimuli (e.g., melody in piece of music)

A

pattern recognition

66
Q

warns of actual impending tissue damage for protective action

A

perception of pain

67
Q

stimuli includes: extreme pressure, temperature, histamine, K+, ATP, acids, bradykinin

A

perception of pain

68
Q

perception of pain: impulse travels on fibers that release neurotransmitters ______ and ______.

A

glutamate and substance P

69
Q

some pain impulses are blocked by ______ ______ ______ (ex. endorphins)

A

inhibitory endogenous opioids

70
Q

felt as vague aching, gnawing, burning

activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, muscle spasms

A

stimulation of visceral organ receptors

71
Q

pain from one body region perceived from different region

A

referred pain

72
Q

______ and ______ travel in same nerves

A

visceral and somatic pain fibers

73
Q

assumes stimulus from common (somatic) region

A

brain

74
Q

cordlike organ of PNS

bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

A

structure of nerve

75
Q

loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths

A

endoneurium

76
Q

coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

A

perineurium

77
Q

tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

A

epineurium

78
Q

mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers and somatic and autonomic (visceral) fibers

A

most nerves

79
Q

Classified according to direction transmit impulses

A

nerves

80
Q

both sensory and motor fibers; impulses both to and from CNS

A

mixed nerves

81
Q

impulses only toward CNS

A

sensory (afferent) nerves

82
Q

impulses only away from CNS

A

motor (efferent) nerves

83
Q

pure sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) nerves are ______.

A

rare

A&P I Lecture (8 decks)

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