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A&P I Lecture > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

provides links from and to world outside body

A

PNS

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2
Q

all neural structures outside brain in PNS

A

sensory receptors (afferent)
peripheral nerves
associated ganglia
motor endings (efferent)

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3
Q

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

A

mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

sensitive to changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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5
Q

respond to light energy (ex. retina)

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

respond to chemicals (ex. smell, taste, change in blood chemistry)

A

chemoreceptors

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7
Q

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (ex. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)

A

nociceptors

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8
Q

respond to stimuli arising outside body

A

exteroceptors

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9
Q

contain receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

A

exteroceptors

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10
Q

most special sense organs

A

exteroceptors

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11
Q

respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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12
Q

sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature change

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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13
Q

sometimes cause discomfort but usually unaware of their workings

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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14
Q

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue covering bones and muscles

A

proprioceptors

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15
Q

inform brain of one’s movements

A

proprioceptors

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16
Q

classification by receptor structure

A

simple receptors for general senses

receptors for special senses

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17
Q

has tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense

A

simple receptors for general senses

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18
Q

has modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons

A

simple receptors for general senses

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19
Q

vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste

A

receptors for special senses

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20
Q

simple receptors of the general senses are either ______ or ______.

A

nonencapsulated (free) or encapsulated

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21
Q

abundant in epithelia and connective tissue

A

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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22
Q

most nonmyelinated, small diameter group C fibers; distal endings have knoblike swellings

A

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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23
Q

responds mostly to temperature and pain; some to pressure-induced tissue movement; itch

A

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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24
Q 
cold receptors (10-40 C) in superficial dermis
heat receptors (32-48 C)
A

thermoreceptors

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25
outside temperature range activates ___(1)___ and causes ___(2)___
(1) nociceptors | (2) pain
26
vanilloid receptor
player in detection of pain | for nociceptors
27
ion channel opened by heat, low pH, chemicals (ex. capsaicin)
vanilloid receptor
28
responds to pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, capsaicin
nociceptors (pain)
29
light touch receptors
tactile (merkel) discs | hair follicle receptors
30
location: exteroceptors, interoceptors, propioceptors stimulus type: thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors body location: most body tissues, dense connective tissues, epithelia
free nerve endings of sensory neurons
31
location: exteroceptors stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; slowly adapting body location: basal layer of epidermis
tactile (merkel) discs
32
location: exteroceptors stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; rapidly adapting body location: in and surrounding hair follicles
hair follicle receptors
33
all mechanoreceptors in connective tissue capsule
tactile (meissner's) corpuscles lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)
34
discriminative touch
tactile (meissner's) corpuscles
35
deep pressure and vibration
lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
36
deep continuous pressure
bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)
37
proprioceptors
muscle spindles tendon organs joint kinesthetic receptors
38
muscle spindles
muscle stretch
39
tendon organs
stretch in tendons
40
joint kinesthetic receptors
joint position and motion
41
location: exteroceptors stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; rapidly adapting body location: dermal papillae of hairless skin (nipples, genitalia, fingertips, soles of feet, eyelids)
tactile (meissner's) corpuscles
42
location: exteroceptors, interoceptors, some proprioceptors stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; rapidly adapting body location: dermis and hypodermis; periostea, mesentery, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules; abundant on fingers, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples
lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
43
location: exteroceptors and proprioceptors stimulus type: mechanoreceptors; slowly or nonadapting body location: deep in dermis, hypodermis, joint capsules
bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)
44
3 basic levels of neural integration in sensory systems
1. receptor level 2. circuit level 3. perceptual level
45
receptor level
sensory reception and transmission to CNS
46
circuit level
processing in ascending pathways
47
perceptual level
processing in cortical sensory centers
48
produce a sensation
1. stimulus applied in receptive field 2. transduction occurs 3. graded potentials reach threshold 4. action potential
49
receptors have specificity for ______ ______.
stimulus energy
50
stimulus changed to graded potential (generator potential or receptor potential)
transduction
51
change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus
adaptation
52
in adaptation, receptor membranes become less ___(1)___ and receptor potentials decline in ___(2)___ or ___(3)___.
(1) responsive (2) frequency (3) stop
53
signal beginning or end of stimulus (ex. receptors for pressure, touch, and smell)
phasic (fast-adaption) receptors
54
adapt slowly or not at all (ex. nociceptors and most proprioceptors)
tonic receptors
55
pathways of 3 neurons conduct ______ ______ upward to appropriate cortical regions.
sensory impulses
56
conduct impulse from receptor level to spinal reflexes or 2nd order neurons in CNS
first order sensory neurons
57
transmit impulse to 3rd order sensory neurons
second order sensory neurons
58
conduct impulse from thalamus to somatosensory cortex (perceptual level)
third order neurons
59
interpretation of sensory input depends on specific location of target neurons in ______ ______.
sensory cortex
60
ability to detect a stimulus (requires summation of impulses)
perceptual detection
61
intensity coded in frequency of impulses
magnitude estimation
62
identifying site or pattern of stimulus (studied by two-point discrimination test)
spatial discrimination
63
identification of more complex aspects and integration of several stimulus properties
feature abstraction
64
ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (e.g., sweet or sour tastes)
quality discrimination
65
recognition of familiar or significant patterns in stimuli (e.g., melody in piece of music)
pattern recognition
66
warns of actual impending tissue damage for protective action
perception of pain
67
stimuli includes: extreme pressure, temperature, histamine, K+, ATP, acids, bradykinin
perception of pain
68
perception of pain: impulse travels on fibers that release neurotransmitters ______ and ______.
glutamate and substance P
69
some pain impulses are blocked by ______ ______ ______ (ex. endorphins)
inhibitory endogenous opioids
70
felt as vague aching, gnawing, burning | activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, muscle spasms
stimulation of visceral organ receptors
71
pain from one body region perceived from different region
referred pain
72
______ and ______ travel in same nerves
visceral and somatic pain fibers
73
assumes stimulus from common (somatic) region
brain
74
cordlike organ of PNS | bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue
structure of nerve
75
loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths
endoneurium
76
coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
perineurium
77
tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
epineurium
78
mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers and somatic and autonomic (visceral) fibers
most nerves
79
Classified according to direction transmit impulses
nerves
80
both sensory and motor fibers; impulses both to and from CNS
mixed nerves
81
impulses only toward CNS
sensory (afferent) nerves
82
impulses only away from CNS
motor (efferent) nerves
83
pure sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) nerves are ______.
rare

A&P I Lecture (8 decks)

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