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A&P I Lecture > Chapter 3 (I) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (I) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the life time of a single cell called?

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

the cell spends most of its time in the ______ part of the cell cycle.

A

interphase

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3
Q

what are the 3 stages in interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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4
Q

what stage of interphase is involved in growth, is metabolically active, synthesizes proteins rapidly, and begins centriole replication?

A

G1

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5
Q

what stage of interphase is involved in growth and DNA synthesis, and forms new histones to assemble into chromatin?

A

S

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6
Q

what stage of interphase is involved in growth and synthesis of enzymes/proteins, moves them to their proper sites, completes centriole replication, and is ready to divide?

A

G2

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7
Q

DNA synthesis begins simultaneously on several ______ and at several _______ of replication, which _______ speed of the reaction.

A

begins simultaneously on several chromatin threads
and at several origins of replication
which increases speed of reaction.

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8
Q

what are the 4 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. uncoiling (enzyme unwinds DNA, form replication bubble)
  2. separation (DNA strands separate as H bonds between base pairs are broken)
  3. assembly (old strands act as template & DNA polymerase add nucleotides to template strand)
  4. restoration (ligase enzymes splice short segments of DNA together to restore double helix structure)
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9
Q

what happens if DNA is damaged?

A

stops at the the G2/M checkpoint until DNA repair mechanism fixes problem

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10
Q

what do histones do during replication?

A

associate with DNA to form chromatin strands

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11
Q

cell division

A

body growth and tissue repair

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12
Q

mitosis divides the ______ while cytokinesis divides the ______.

A

mitosis divides nucleus

cytokinesis divides cytoplasm

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13
Q

4 phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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14
Q

what draws plasma inward to form cleavage furrow?

A

contractile ring

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15
Q

what is the contractile ring made of?

A

actin filaments

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16
Q

ratio of cell surface area to cell volume,
chemical signals (growth factors/hormones),
availability of space,
G1 and G2/M checkpoints,
and repressor genes control what?

A

controls cell division

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17
Q

what is the purpose of cyclins and CDKs?

A

cyclins are regulatory proteins made in G1 to power synthesis and division

CDKs bind to cyclins to be activated- tag enzymes with protein to start enzyme cascade to prepare for division

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18
Q

what is the function of G1 checkpoint and G2/M checkpoint?

A

G1- tell to go to S phase

G2/M- tell to go to M phase

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19
Q

what are p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) genes?

A

repressor genes that suppress tumors/prevent cancer

20
Q

what is a segment of DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain?

A

gene

21
Q

what is the ratio of DNA bases in a gene to amino acids in a polypeptide?

A

3:1

22
Q

what region codes for amino acids and what region is non-coding?

A

coding- exons

noncoding- introns

23
Q

what is the purpose of introns?

A

omit/include certain exons
allow exons to be swapped between genes
allow novel combinations

24
Q

what is the role of RNA

A

DNA decoding mechanism and messenger

25
Q

what RNA does this describe:
a single strand with introns spliced out
carry coded info to cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs
carry instructions for building polypeptides
from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm

A

mRNA

26
Q

what RNA does this describe:
forms ribosomes (2 subunits)
sites for protein synthesis
makes proteins based on mRNA message

A

rRNA

27
Q

what RNA does this describe:
ferry amino acids to ribosomes
decode mRNA’s message
bind amino acids and pair with bases of codons

A

tRNA

28
Q

transcription

A

DNA’s info encoded in mRNA (DNA to mRNA)

29
Q

translation

A

info carried by mRNA decoded
used to assemble polypeptides
(mRNA to protein)

30
Q

transcription cannot begin until ______ stimulate histones to loosen.

A

transcription factors

31
Q

where does the transcription factor bind?

A

promoter

32
Q

what is the region of DNA that serves as the start point and specifies template?

A

promoter

33
Q

what oversees synthesis of mRNA and initiates transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

34
Q

what are the 3 phases of transcription?

A
  1. initiation: RNA polymerase bind to promoter, pull apart DNA strands, begin mRNA synthesis
  2. elongation: RNA polymerase moves along template to join RNA nucleotides complementary to DNA
  3. termination: reach termination signal, mRNA transcript released
35
Q

how is mRNA processed?

A

remove introns by spliceosomes

36
Q

why are some amino acids represented by more than 1 codon?

A

protect against errors

37
Q

what RNA bonds to amino acids and mRNA codon? and what is the attachment process controlled by?

A

tRNA binds to amino acids and mRNA codon

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme activated by ATP controls the attachment process

38
Q

once an amino acid is loaded, tRNA diffuse to _______ where amino acid is positioned.

A

ribosome

39
Q

what site receives incoming aminoacyl-tRNA?

A

A site

40
Q

what site involved tRNA holding growing polypeptide chain?

A

P site

41
Q

what site is made for outgoing RNA?

A

E site

42
Q

where does translation occur and what does it require?

A

occur in cytosol

requires ATP, protein factors, and enzyme

43
Q

what are the 3 steps in translation?

A
  1. initiation (4 components combine at P site)
  2. elongation (amino acids add 1 at a time to growing peptide chain)
  3. termination (stop codon -UGA, UAA, UAG- arrives at A site and elongation stops)
44
Q

what directs the mRNA-ribosome complex to the rough ER?

A

signal recognition particle

45
Q

what is the role of rough ER in protein synthesis?

A

enclose protein in vesicle for transport to golgi apparatus

A&P I Lecture (8 decks)

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