Chapter 2 (II) Flashcards
inorganic compounds
water, salts, and many acids/bases
do not contain carbon
organic compounds
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids contain carbon (large and covalently bonded)
what is the most abundant/important inorganic compound and make up 60-80% volume of living cells?
water
what are the properties of water?
high heat capacity high heat vaporization polar reactive cushioning
what are ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water?
salts
what conducts electrical currents in solution?
ions (electrolytes)
ionic balance is vital for ______.
homeostasis
common salts in the body
NaCl
CaCO3
KCl
calcium phosphates
why are acids and bases both electrolytes?
because they ionize and dissociate in water
what are proton donors (release H+ in solution)?
acids
what are proton acceptors (take up H+ in solution)?
bases
what are some important acids?
HCl (break down/digest/absorb nutrients and eliminate bacteria/viruses)
H2H3O2 or acetic acid (decreases inflammation and blood pressure)
H2CO3 or carbonic acid (maintains acid/base homeostasis)
what are some important bases?
bicarbonate ion or HCO3- (ionic form of CO2 - allows it to move within body because CO2 cannot be dissolved in blood)
ammonia or NH3 (converts to urea to be eliminated as waste from the body)
as free [H+] increases, ______ increases (pH decrease) and as free [H+] decreases, ______ increases (pH increase).
free [H+] increases, acidity increases
free [H+] decreases, alkalinity increases
what type of solution has equal numbers of H+ and OH- and have a pH 7?
neutral solutions
what does pH change interfere with and cause?
interferes with cell function and cause damage to living tissue
what regulates pH?
kidneys, lungs, and chemical buffers
what do buffers do?
resist abrupt and large swings in pH
convert strong acids/bases into weak ones
why is carbonic acid-bicarbonate system important?
because it is a buffer system of the blood
buffers have a certain ______ where they are effective.
range
isoelectric point
neutral physiological pH where it functions best
a change in ______ will impact protein/enzyme function.
charge
are CO2 and CO inorganic or organic?
inorganic
what element is electroneutral?
carbon
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all based on a ______ and are composed in ______.
based on carbon backbone
composed in dehydration reactions (anabolic)
how are monomers joined together?
removal of OH from 1 monomer and removal of H from another monomer
linked by covalent bonding
what biomolecule contains C, H, O and are sugars/starches?
carbohydrates
function of carbohydrates
major source of cellular fuel
structural molecules
how many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?
3 to 7 C atoms
what are some important monosaccharides?
pentose sugars (ribose and deoxyribose) hexose sugars (glucose)
what are some examples of hexose sugars?
what are some examples of pentose sugars?
hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose
pentose: deoxyribose and ribose
what are 2 monosaccharides stuck together?
disaccharides
disaccharides are too large to pass through ______.
cell membranes
what are some important disaccharides?
sucrose, maltose, and lactose
what monosaccharides make up sucrose, maltose, and lactose?
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (galactose + glucose)
what are some important polysaccharides?
starch (get from plants, store energy) and glycogen (get from animals, store glucose) and cellulose (make up cell wall)
polysaccharides are not very _______.
soluble
what biomolecule contains C, H, O, and sometimes P and is insoluble in water?
lipids
what are the 4 main types of fats?
neutral fats/ triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids
neutral fats/triglycerides structure and function
structure: 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
function: energy storage, insulation, and protection
saturated fatty acids
single covalent bonds
max number of H atoms
solid animal fats (butter)
unsaturated fatty acids
double bonds
plant oils
“heart healthy”
what are 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids and what is their orientation?
- trans fats (unhealthy and unnatural)
orientation: trans double bond - omega-3 (heart healthy)
orientation: cis double bond
why are trans fats unhealthy?
they clump solid like margarine and increase cholesterol levels
phospholipids structure and function
structure: polar head and nonpolar tail
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphorous group
function: cell membrane structure
steroid structure
interlocking 4 ring structure
what are some examples of steroids?
cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
what is the most important steroid? and why is it important?
cholesterol is important in cell membrane, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts
where are eicosanoids derived from?
fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell membranes
what is the most important eicosanoid? and why is it important?
prostaglandins is important in blood clotting, controlling blood pressure, inflammation, labor contractions, and signaling
what are some nonpolar, organic, and fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins A, D, E, and K
what transports fats in the blood?
lipoproteins (HDL and LDL)
what biomolecule contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P?
Proteins
amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called ______.
peptide bonds
amino acids contain what kind of groups?
amine and acid groups
amino acids can act either as an ______ or a ______.
acid or base
primary structure of protein
amino acids in a polypeptide chain
the primary structure of insulin has what 2 chains and how are they linked?
alpha a beta chains linked by (inter and intra-molecular) disulfide bonds through cysteine
secondary structure of proteins
form spiral (alpha helices) or sheets (beta sheets)
alpha helices vs. beta sheets
alpha helices: coiled to form spiral structure and stabilized by H bonds
beta sheets: form zig zags forming pleated sheet and held together by H bonds
tertiary structure of proteins
alpha helices/ beta sheets folded up to form compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds
what protein is a tertiary structure that transports thyroid hormones (thyroxine) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid?
prealbumin (transthyretin)
quaternary structure of proteins
2/more polypeptide chains with own tertiary structure combine to form protein
what type of proteins are strand-like, water insoluble, and stable?
fibrous (structural proteins)
what type of structure do fibrous proteins have and what is their function?
structure: tertiary or quaternary
function: mechanical support, tensile strength
what are examples of fibrous proteins?
keratin, elastin, collagen, contractile fibers
what is collagen?
most abundant protein
forms extracellular matrix for cells to attach
rope that holds cells together to form tissue (holds bones, teeth, skin together)
what is hydroxyproline?
modified proline that gives collagen structure and strength
what enzyme and coenzyme convert proline into hydroxyproline?
enzyme: prolyl hydroxylase
coenzyme: vitamin C
what leads to tissue breakdown?
vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)
what type of proteins are compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes?
globular (functional) proteins
what type of structure do globular proteins have and what is their function?
structure: tertiary or quaternary
function: active sites, enzymes
what are examples of globular proteins?
antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes
what process causes globular proteins to unfold and lose functional 3D shape?
denaturation
what causes denaturation?
decrease pH or increased temperature
are denaturation reactions reversible?
yes if normal conditions restored and changes are not extreme
what type of globular proteins ensure quick, accurate folding, assist translocation of proteins/ions across membrane, promote breakdown of damaged proteins, and trigger immune response?
molecular chaperones
what is produced in response to stressful stimuli, is important to cell function during stress, and delays aging by patching up/refolding damaged proteins?
stress proteins
what are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts and regulate/increase speed of chemical reactions?
enzymes
what are the 2 parts that make up some functional enzymes (holoenzymes)?
apoenzyme (protein portion)
cofactor (metal ion)/ coenzyme (organic molecule)
what are the largest molecules in the body?
DNA and RNA
what biomolecule contains C, O, H, N, and P?
nucleic acids
nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group = ?
nucleotide
what 4 nitrogenous bases are utilized by DNA? (purines and pyrimidines)
purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine
A always pairs with ____ and G always pairs with ____.
A-T
G-C
where is the double stranded helical molecule (DNA) located?
nucleus
what instructions do DNA provide?
instructions for protein synthesis
when does DNA replicate and why?
replicates before cell division to ensure genetic continuity
what 4 bases are utilized by RNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
where is the single stranded molecule (RNA) mostly active?
outside nucleus
what are the 3 varieties of RNA that carry out DNA orders for protein synthesis?
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
chemical energy in glucose is stored in which important molecule?
ATP
what directly powers chemical reactions in cells and has a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells?
ATP
what is the structure of ATP?
adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups
high energy phosphate bonds can be ______ to release energy.
hydrolyzed
what process allows terminal phosphates to be enzymatically transferred to/energize other molecules?
phosphorylation
what are 3 examples of cellular work driven by energy from ATP?
- phosphorylate transport proteins to transport solutes across membrane
- phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells
- phosphorylates reactants for chem rxns
