Chapter 2 (II) Flashcards
1
Q
inorganic compounds
A
water, salts, and many acids/bases
do not contain carbon
2
Q
organic compounds
A
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids contain carbon (large and covalently bonded)
3
Q
what is the most abundant/important inorganic compound and make up 60-80% volume of living cells?
A
water
4
Q
what are the properties of water?
A
high heat capacity high heat vaporization polar reactive cushioning
5
Q
what are ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water?
A
salts
6
Q
what conducts electrical currents in solution?
A
ions (electrolytes)
7
Q
ionic balance is vital for ______.
A
homeostasis
8
Q
common salts in the body
A
NaCl
CaCO3
KCl
calcium phosphates
9
Q
why are acids and bases both electrolytes?
A
because they ionize and dissociate in water
10
Q
what are proton donors (release H+ in solution)?
A
acids
11
Q
what are proton acceptors (take up H+ in solution)?
A
bases
12
Q
what are some important acids?
A
HCl (break down/digest/absorb nutrients and eliminate bacteria/viruses)
H2H3O2 or acetic acid (decreases inflammation and blood pressure)
H2CO3 or carbonic acid (maintains acid/base homeostasis)
13
Q
what are some important bases?
A
bicarbonate ion or HCO3- (ionic form of CO2 - allows it to move within body because CO2 cannot be dissolved in blood)
ammonia or NH3 (converts to urea to be eliminated as waste from the body)
14
Q
as free [H+] increases, ______ increases (pH decrease) and as free [H+] decreases, ______ increases (pH increase).
A
free [H+] increases, acidity increases
free [H+] decreases, alkalinity increases
15
Q
what type of solution has equal numbers of H+ and OH- and have a pH 7?
A
neutral solutions
16
Q
what does pH change interfere with and cause?
A
interferes with cell function and cause damage to living tissue
17
Q
what regulates pH?
A
kidneys, lungs, and chemical buffers
18
Q
what do buffers do?
A
resist abrupt and large swings in pH
convert strong acids/bases into weak ones
19
Q
why is carbonic acid-bicarbonate system important?
A
because it is a buffer system of the blood
20
Q
buffers have a certain ______ where they are effective.
A
range
21
Q
isoelectric point
A
neutral physiological pH where it functions best
22
Q
a change in ______ will impact protein/enzyme function.
A
charge
23
Q
are CO2 and CO inorganic or organic?
A
inorganic
24
Q
what element is electroneutral?
A
carbon
25
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all based on a ______ and are composed in ______.
based on carbon backbone
| composed in dehydration reactions (anabolic)
26
how are monomers joined together?
removal of OH from 1 monomer and removal of H from another monomer
linked by covalent bonding
27
what biomolecule contains C, H, O and are sugars/starches?
carbohydrates
28
function of carbohydrates
major source of cellular fuel
| structural molecules
29
how many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?
3 to 7 C atoms
30
what are some important monosaccharides?
```
pentose sugars (ribose and deoxyribose)
hexose sugars (glucose)
```
31
what are some examples of hexose sugars?
| what are some examples of pentose sugars?
hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose
pentose: deoxyribose and ribose
32
what are 2 monosaccharides stuck together?
disaccharides
33
disaccharides are too large to pass through ______.
cell membranes
34
what are some important disaccharides?
sucrose, maltose, and lactose
35
what monosaccharides make up sucrose, maltose, and lactose?
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (galactose + glucose)
36
what are some important polysaccharides?
starch (get from plants, store energy) and glycogen (get from animals, store glucose) and cellulose (make up cell wall)
37
polysaccharides are not very _______.
soluble
38
what biomolecule contains C, H, O, and sometimes P and is insoluble in water?
lipids
39
what are the 4 main types of fats?
neutral fats/ triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids
40
neutral fats/triglycerides structure and function
structure: 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
function: energy storage, insulation, and protection
41
saturated fatty acids
single covalent bonds
max number of H atoms
solid animal fats (butter)
42
unsaturated fatty acids
double bonds
plant oils
"heart healthy"
43
what are 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids and what is their orientation?
1. trans fats (unhealthy and unnatural)
orientation: trans double bond
2. omega-3 (heart healthy)
orientation: cis double bond
44
why are trans fats unhealthy?
they clump solid like margarine and increase cholesterol levels
45
phospholipids structure and function
structure: polar head and nonpolar tail
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphorous group
function: cell membrane structure
46
steroid structure
interlocking 4 ring structure
47
what are some examples of steroids?
cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
48
what is the most important steroid? and why is it important?
cholesterol is important in cell membrane, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts
49
where are eicosanoids derived from?
fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell membranes
50
what is the most important eicosanoid? and why is it important?
prostaglandins is important in blood clotting, controlling blood pressure, inflammation, labor contractions, and signaling
51
what are some nonpolar, organic, and fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins A, D, E, and K
52
what transports fats in the blood?
lipoproteins (HDL and LDL)
53
what biomolecule contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P?
Proteins
54
amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called ______.
peptide bonds
55
amino acids contain what kind of groups?
amine and acid groups
56
amino acids can act either as an ______ or a ______.
acid or base
57
primary structure of protein
amino acids in a polypeptide chain
58
the primary structure of insulin has what 2 chains and how are they linked?
alpha a beta chains linked by (inter and intra-molecular) disulfide bonds through cysteine
59
secondary structure of proteins
form spiral (alpha helices) or sheets (beta sheets)
60
alpha helices vs. beta sheets
alpha helices: coiled to form spiral structure and stabilized by H bonds
beta sheets: form zig zags forming pleated sheet and held together by H bonds
61
tertiary structure of proteins
alpha helices/ beta sheets folded up to form compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds
62
what protein is a tertiary structure that transports thyroid hormones (thyroxine) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid?
prealbumin (transthyretin)
63
quaternary structure of proteins
2/more polypeptide chains with own tertiary structure combine to form protein
64
what type of proteins are strand-like, water insoluble, and stable?
fibrous (structural proteins)
65
what type of structure do fibrous proteins have and what is their function?
structure: tertiary or quaternary
function: mechanical support, tensile strength
66
what are examples of fibrous proteins?
keratin, elastin, collagen, contractile fibers
67
what is collagen?
most abundant protein
forms extracellular matrix for cells to attach
rope that holds cells together to form tissue (holds bones, teeth, skin together)
68
what is hydroxyproline?
modified proline that gives collagen structure and strength
69
what enzyme and coenzyme convert proline into hydroxyproline?
enzyme: prolyl hydroxylase
coenzyme: vitamin C
70
what leads to tissue breakdown?
vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)
71
what type of proteins are compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes?
globular (functional) proteins
72
what type of structure do globular proteins have and what is their function?
structure: tertiary or quaternary
function: active sites, enzymes
73
what are examples of globular proteins?
antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes
74
what process causes globular proteins to unfold and lose functional 3D shape?
denaturation
75
what causes denaturation?
decrease pH or increased temperature
76
are denaturation reactions reversible?
yes if normal conditions restored and changes are not extreme
77
what type of globular proteins ensure quick, accurate folding, assist translocation of proteins/ions across membrane, promote breakdown of damaged proteins, and trigger immune response?
molecular chaperones
78
what is produced in response to stressful stimuli, is important to cell function during stress, and delays aging by patching up/refolding damaged proteins?
stress proteins
79
what are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts and regulate/increase speed of chemical reactions?
enzymes
80
what are the 2 parts that make up some functional enzymes (holoenzymes)?
apoenzyme (protein portion)
| cofactor (metal ion)/ coenzyme (organic molecule)
81
what are the largest molecules in the body?
DNA and RNA
82
what biomolecule contains C, O, H, N, and P?
nucleic acids
83
nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group = ?
nucleotide
84
what 4 nitrogenous bases are utilized by DNA? (purines and pyrimidines)
purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine
85
A always pairs with ____ and G always pairs with ____.
A-T
| G-C
86
where is the double stranded helical molecule (DNA) located?
nucleus
87
what instructions do DNA provide?
instructions for protein synthesis
88
when does DNA replicate and why?
replicates before cell division to ensure genetic continuity
89
what 4 bases are utilized by RNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
90
where is the single stranded molecule (RNA) mostly active?
outside nucleus
91
what are the 3 varieties of RNA that carry out DNA orders for protein synthesis?
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
92
chemical energy in glucose is stored in which important molecule?
ATP
93
what directly powers chemical reactions in cells and has a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells?
ATP
94
what is the structure of ATP?
adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups
95
high energy phosphate bonds can be ______ to release energy.
hydrolyzed
96
what process allows terminal phosphates to be enzymatically transferred to/energize other molecules?
phosphorylation
97
what are 3 examples of cellular work driven by energy from ATP?
1. phosphorylate transport proteins to transport solutes across membrane
2. phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells
3. phosphorylates reactants for chem rxns
