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A&P I Lecture > Chapter 2 (II) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (II) Flashcards

1
Q

inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, and many acids/bases

do not contain carbon

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2
Q

organic compounds

A 
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids 
contain carbon (large and covalently bonded)
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3
Q

what is the most abundant/important inorganic compound and make up 60-80% volume of living cells?

A

water

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4
Q

what are the properties of water?

A 
high heat capacity
high heat vaporization
polar
reactive
cushioning
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5
Q

what are ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water?

A

salts

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6
Q

what conducts electrical currents in solution?

A

ions (electrolytes)

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7
Q

ionic balance is vital for ______.

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

common salts in the body

A

NaCl
CaCO3
KCl
calcium phosphates

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9
Q

why are acids and bases both electrolytes?

A

because they ionize and dissociate in water

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10
Q

what are proton donors (release H+ in solution)?

A

acids

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11
Q

what are proton acceptors (take up H+ in solution)?

A

bases

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12
Q

what are some important acids?

A

HCl (break down/digest/absorb nutrients and eliminate bacteria/viruses)
H2H3O2 or acetic acid (decreases inflammation and blood pressure)
H2CO3 or carbonic acid (maintains acid/base homeostasis)

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13
Q

what are some important bases?

A

bicarbonate ion or HCO3- (ionic form of CO2 - allows it to move within body because CO2 cannot be dissolved in blood)
ammonia or NH3 (converts to urea to be eliminated as waste from the body)

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14
Q

as free [H+] increases, ______ increases (pH decrease) and as free [H+] decreases, ______ increases (pH increase).

A

free [H+] increases, acidity increases

free [H+] decreases, alkalinity increases

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15
Q

what type of solution has equal numbers of H+ and OH- and have a pH 7?

A

neutral solutions

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16
Q

what does pH change interfere with and cause?

A

interferes with cell function and cause damage to living tissue

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17
Q

what regulates pH?

A

kidneys, lungs, and chemical buffers

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18
Q

what do buffers do?

A

resist abrupt and large swings in pH

convert strong acids/bases into weak ones

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19
Q

why is carbonic acid-bicarbonate system important?

A

because it is a buffer system of the blood

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20
Q

buffers have a certain ______ where they are effective.

A

range

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21
Q

isoelectric point

A

neutral physiological pH where it functions best

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22
Q

a change in ______ will impact protein/enzyme function.

A

charge

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23
Q

are CO2 and CO inorganic or organic?

A

inorganic

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24
Q

what element is electroneutral?

A

carbon

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25
Q

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all based on a ______ and are composed in ______.

A

based on carbon backbone

composed in dehydration reactions (anabolic)

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26
Q

how are monomers joined together?

A

removal of OH from 1 monomer and removal of H from another monomer
linked by covalent bonding

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27
Q

what biomolecule contains C, H, O and are sugars/starches?

A

carbohydrates

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28
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

major source of cellular fuel

structural molecules

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29
Q

how many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?

A

3 to 7 C atoms

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30
Q

what are some important monosaccharides?

A 
pentose sugars (ribose and deoxyribose)
hexose sugars (glucose)
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31
Q

what are some examples of hexose sugars?

what are some examples of pentose sugars?

A

hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose
pentose: deoxyribose and ribose

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32
Q

what are 2 monosaccharides stuck together?

A

disaccharides

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33
Q

disaccharides are too large to pass through ______.

A

cell membranes

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34
Q

what are some important disaccharides?

A

sucrose, maltose, and lactose

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35
Q

what monosaccharides make up sucrose, maltose, and lactose?

A

sucrose (glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (galactose + glucose)

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36
Q

what are some important polysaccharides?

A

starch (get from plants, store energy) and glycogen (get from animals, store glucose) and cellulose (make up cell wall)

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37
Q

polysaccharides are not very _______.

A

soluble

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38
Q

what biomolecule contains C, H, O, and sometimes P and is insoluble in water?

A

lipids

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39
Q

what are the 4 main types of fats?

A

neutral fats/ triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

40
Q

neutral fats/triglycerides structure and function

A

structure: 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
function: energy storage, insulation, and protection

41
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

single covalent bonds
max number of H atoms
solid animal fats (butter)

42
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

double bonds
plant oils
“heart healthy”

43
Q

what are 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids and what is their orientation?

A
  1. trans fats (unhealthy and unnatural)
    orientation: trans double bond
  2. omega-3 (heart healthy)
    orientation: cis double bond
44
Q

why are trans fats unhealthy?

A

they clump solid like margarine and increase cholesterol levels

45
Q

phospholipids structure and function

A

structure: polar head and nonpolar tail
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphorous group
function: cell membrane structure

46
Q

steroid structure

A

interlocking 4 ring structure

47
Q

what are some examples of steroids?

A

cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts

48
Q

what is the most important steroid? and why is it important?

A

cholesterol is important in cell membrane, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts

49
Q

where are eicosanoids derived from?

A

fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell membranes

50
Q

what is the most important eicosanoid? and why is it important?

A

prostaglandins is important in blood clotting, controlling blood pressure, inflammation, labor contractions, and signaling

51
Q

what are some nonpolar, organic, and fat soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins A, D, E, and K

52
Q

what transports fats in the blood?

A

lipoproteins (HDL and LDL)

53
Q

what biomolecule contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P?

A

Proteins

54
Q

amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called ______.

A

peptide bonds

55
Q

amino acids contain what kind of groups?

A

amine and acid groups

56
Q

amino acids can act either as an ______ or a ______.

A

acid or base

57
Q

primary structure of protein

A

amino acids in a polypeptide chain

58
Q

the primary structure of insulin has what 2 chains and how are they linked?

A

alpha a beta chains linked by (inter and intra-molecular) disulfide bonds through cysteine

59
Q

secondary structure of proteins

A

form spiral (alpha helices) or sheets (beta sheets)

60
Q

alpha helices vs. beta sheets

A

alpha helices: coiled to form spiral structure and stabilized by H bonds
beta sheets: form zig zags forming pleated sheet and held together by H bonds

61
Q

tertiary structure of proteins

A

alpha helices/ beta sheets folded up to form compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds

62
Q

what protein is a tertiary structure that transports thyroid hormones (thyroxine) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid?

A

prealbumin (transthyretin)

63
Q

quaternary structure of proteins

A

2/more polypeptide chains with own tertiary structure combine to form protein

64
Q

what type of proteins are strand-like, water insoluble, and stable?

A

fibrous (structural proteins)

65
Q

what type of structure do fibrous proteins have and what is their function?

A

structure: tertiary or quaternary
function: mechanical support, tensile strength

66
Q

what are examples of fibrous proteins?

A

keratin, elastin, collagen, contractile fibers

67
Q

what is collagen?

A

most abundant protein
forms extracellular matrix for cells to attach
rope that holds cells together to form tissue (holds bones, teeth, skin together)

68
Q

what is hydroxyproline?

A

modified proline that gives collagen structure and strength

69
Q

what enzyme and coenzyme convert proline into hydroxyproline?

A

enzyme: prolyl hydroxylase
coenzyme: vitamin C

70
Q

what leads to tissue breakdown?

A

vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)

71
Q

what type of proteins are compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes?

A

globular (functional) proteins

72
Q

what type of structure do globular proteins have and what is their function?

A

structure: tertiary or quaternary
function: active sites, enzymes

73
Q

what are examples of globular proteins?

A

antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes

74
Q

what process causes globular proteins to unfold and lose functional 3D shape?

A

denaturation

75
Q

what causes denaturation?

A

decrease pH or increased temperature

76
Q

are denaturation reactions reversible?

A

yes if normal conditions restored and changes are not extreme

77
Q

what type of globular proteins ensure quick, accurate folding, assist translocation of proteins/ions across membrane, promote breakdown of damaged proteins, and trigger immune response?

A

molecular chaperones

78
Q

what is produced in response to stressful stimuli, is important to cell function during stress, and delays aging by patching up/refolding damaged proteins?

A

stress proteins

79
Q

what are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts and regulate/increase speed of chemical reactions?

A

enzymes

80
Q

what are the 2 parts that make up some functional enzymes (holoenzymes)?

A

apoenzyme (protein portion)

cofactor (metal ion)/ coenzyme (organic molecule)

81
Q

what are the largest molecules in the body?

A

DNA and RNA

82
Q

what biomolecule contains C, O, H, N, and P?

A

nucleic acids

83
Q

nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group = ?

A

nucleotide

84
Q

what 4 nitrogenous bases are utilized by DNA? (purines and pyrimidines)

A

purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine

85
Q

A always pairs with ____ and G always pairs with ____.

A

A-T

G-C

86
Q

where is the double stranded helical molecule (DNA) located?

A

nucleus

87
Q

what instructions do DNA provide?

A

instructions for protein synthesis

88
Q

when does DNA replicate and why?

A

replicates before cell division to ensure genetic continuity

89
Q

what 4 bases are utilized by RNA?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

90
Q

where is the single stranded molecule (RNA) mostly active?

A

outside nucleus

91
Q

what are the 3 varieties of RNA that carry out DNA orders for protein synthesis?

A

messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA

92
Q

chemical energy in glucose is stored in which important molecule?

A

ATP

93
Q

what directly powers chemical reactions in cells and has a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells?

A

ATP

94
Q

what is the structure of ATP?

A

adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups

95
Q

high energy phosphate bonds can be ______ to release energy.

A

hydrolyzed

96
Q

what process allows terminal phosphates to be enzymatically transferred to/energize other molecules?

A

phosphorylation

97
Q

what are 3 examples of cellular work driven by energy from ATP?

A
  1. phosphorylate transport proteins to transport solutes across membrane
  2. phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells
  3. phosphorylates reactants for chem rxns

A&P I Lecture (8 decks)

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