Chapter 6 Human Body Flashcards
Body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
Abdomen
The depression on the lateral pelvis, where it’s three component bones join in which there for moral head fit snugly
Acetabulum
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys, release, adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glands
Pertaining to nerves that release the Neuro transmitter, norepinephrine or noradrenaline
Adrenergic 
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic metabolism 
Abnormal breathing pattern, slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
Agonal gasp 
Portions of the nervous system, when stimulated can cause constriction of blood vessels
Alpha adrenergic receptors
Air sacs of the lungs, in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
Alveoli
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; The main by product is lactic acid.
Anaerobic metabolism
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components
Anatomy
Main artery, leaving left side of the heart, carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
Aorta
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the ARMS LEGS PELVIS SHOULDER GIRDLE
Appendicular skeleton
A small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Appendix
Smallest branches of arteries, leading to the vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
Pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surface of bones in synovial joints
Articular cartilage
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
Atrium
The part of the nervous system, that regulates functions such as digestion and sweating, not controlled voluntarily
Autotomic nervous system
Part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
Axial skeleton
Extensions of a neuron that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron
Axons
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
Ball and socket joint
Portions of the nervous system, that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increase heart rate, and bronchial dilation
Beta adrenergic receptors 
The large muscle that covers the front of a humorous
Biceps
The ducts that contain bile between the liver and intestines
Bile ducts
The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries
Blood pressure
The major vessel in the upper extremities, that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial artery 
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerrabellum controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respirations
Brainstem
The heel bone
Calcaneus
Tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between body tissues in the blood
Capillary vessels
The heart muscle
Cardiac muscle
A measure of the volume of blood, circulated by the heart, in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke, volume by the heart rate
SV x HR = ____
Cardiac output CO
The major artery, that supplies, blood to the head and brain
Carotid artery
Small bones that compose the wrist
Carpals
The smooth connective tissue, that forms of support structure of the skeletal system, and provides cushioning between bones also forms and nasal septum and portions of the outer ear
Cartilage
The first part of the large intestine into which the ileum opens
Cecum
A set of chemical reactions that supply cells with energy includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
Cellular metabolism
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system CNS
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
Cerebellum
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathed the meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain sometimes called the gray matter, made up of several lobes that control movement hearing balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
Cerebrum
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that line the neck
Cervical spine
Thin band of fibrous tissue that attaches to the valves in the heart, and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
The substance that leaves the stomach it is a combination of all the eating foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles capillaries venues in veins that moves blood, oxygen nutrients carbon dioxide and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory system
The collarbone it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine, the tailbone
Coccyx
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
Coronal frontal plane
The hip bones
Coxae
The part of the skull that encloses the brain, and is composed of a bones
Cranium
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
A thin sheet of facia that connects the thyroid, and the cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
Cricothyroid membrane
Any portion of the airway that does not contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange such as the trachea and bronchi
Dead space
The inner layer of the skin containing hair follicular sweat glands nerve endings and blood vessels
Dermis
Muscular dome forms undersurface of thorax separating the chest from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
Relaxation or period of relaxation of the heart especially of ventricles
Diastole
Movement of a gas from a area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of body
Digestion
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
Dorsalis pedis artery
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions including the release of hormones
Endocrine system
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
The outer layer of the skin which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water tight protective covering for the body
Epidermis
A thin leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline) and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction
Epinephrine
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomac
Esophagus
The amount of air that can be exahaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in average adult man
Expiratory reserve volume
Straightening of the joint
Extension
Tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum
Fallopian tubes
Major artery of the thigh a continuation of the external iliac artery. Supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall external genitalia and legs it can be palpated in the groin area
Femoral artery
The proximal end of the femur articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
Femoral head
The thigh bone the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
Femur
Smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg located on the lateral side
Fibula
Bending of the joint
Flexion
Large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead
Frontal bones
A sac of the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
Reproductive system in men and women
Genital system
Deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh just below the hip joint
Greater trochanter
Small organs that produce hair
Hair follicles
Hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
The number of heartbeats during a specific time usually 1 min
Heart rate
A oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; restrict motion to one place
Hinge joints
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism regulate many body functions including metabolism growth and body temperature
Hormones
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
The pressure of water against the walls of the container
Hydrostatic pressure
An abnormally high level of co2 in the blood stream
Hypercapnia
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function
Hypoperfusion
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
Hypoxia
A backup system to control respiration senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
Hypoxic drive
One of three bones that fuse the pelvic ring
Illium, isheium pubic
One of the two largest veins in the body; Carries blood from the lower extremities to the pelvis and the abdominal organs of the heart
Inferior vena cava
The amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
Inspriatory reserve volume
The space in between the cells
Interstitial space
Tough elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers
Invertebral disk
The space within a cell or cells
Intracellular space
The muscle over which a a person has no conscious control it is found in many Autotomic regulating systems if the body
Involuntary muscle
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ilium, ischium, pubic
The place where two bones come into contract also called articulation
Joint
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
Joint capsule
The two retroparitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate body’s salt and water content
Kidneys
The use of muscles of the chest back and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest occurs when air movement is impaired
Labored breathing
A metabolic byproduct of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
Lactic acid
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel consisting of the cecum the colon and rectum it helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste
Large intestines
The projection on the medial superior portion of the femur
Lesser trochanter
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. Ligaments support and strengthen a joint
Ligaments
A large solid organ that lies in the RUQ immediately below the diaphragm; produces bile stores glucose for immediate use by the body and produces many substances help regulate immune responses
Liver
The lower part of the back formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae also called the dorsal pedis
Lumbar spine
A thin straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen nutrients in hormones the sales and carries waste products of metabolism away from the sales in back into capillaries, so that they may be excluded
Lymph
Tiny, oval shaped structures located in various places along the length vessels, that filter lymph
Lymph nodes
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle also called the ankle bone
Malleolus
The bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
The upper jaw bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the pallet and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
Nerve tissue that is continuous unfairly with the spinal cord service have a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve, tracts, coordinates heart rate, blood vessel, diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla oblongata
The bio chemical process that results in production of energy from nutrients within cells
Metabolism
Bones of the hand situated between the carpals and phalanges
Metacarpals
Bones of the foot situated between the tarsals in the phalanges
Metatarsals
Part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
Midbrain
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Mid sagittal plane (midline)
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs, per minute, calculated by multiplying the total volume in the respiratory rate
TV x RR
Minute volume
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
Mucous membranes
Watery secretions of the mucous membrane that lubricates the body openings
Mucus
The bones in the voluntary muscles of the body
Musculoskeletal system
The heart muscle
Myocardium
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth or palate
 Nasopharynx
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, but voluntary and involuntary
Nervous system
The functional unit of the nervous system also called nerve cells
 Neurons
A Neuro transmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock produces vasoconstriction through its alpha stimulator properties.
Norepinephrine
The most posterior bones of the cranium
Occipital bone
The pressure of water to move typically into the capillary as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
The eye socket made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
The primary female reproductive organ that produces an ovum or egg, that if fertilized will develop into a fetus
Ovaries
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver in the stomach. It is a major source of digestive enzymes that produces the hormone insulin.
Pancreas
A subdivision of the atomic nervous system involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated, largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine.
 Parasympathetic nervous system
