Chapter 6: Human Body Flashcards
Skull
-28 bones
3 groups:
Cranium- 8 bones
Facial- 14 bones
Ear- 3 bones
Spinal Column
-33 vertebrae
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5 fused
Coccyx- 4 fused
Greater vs Lesser Trochanter
Lesser- Medial side of femur
Greater- Lateral of femur
Upper Airway
-Nasopharynx
-Nassal air passageway
-Pharynx
-Oropharynx
-Mouth
-Epiglottis
-Larynopharynx
-Larynx (voice box)
Lower Airway
-Trachea
-Alveoli
-Bronchioles
-Main bronchi
Inhilation
-Diaphram and intercostals contract
-Diaphram flattens and moves down
-Intercostals move ribs up and out
-As volume of the cavity increase, pressure falls and air moves in (negative pressure breathing)
Exhilation
-Diaphram and intercostals relax
-Volume decreases and pressure increases, air moves out of lungs
Ventillation
Moving air in and out
Respiration
Internal: Tissue level
External: Lungs and atmposhere
Hypoxic Drive
O2 levels fall, O2 sensors in brain, aorta, carotid send out signals that O2 is needed
Dead Space
Areas in respiratory system that do not have any alveoli: mouth, trachea, bronchi
Tunica Media
Middle layer of artery that can contract and dilate
Central and Peripheral Pulses
Central:
-Carotid
-Femoral
Peripheral:
-Radial
-Brachial
-Posterior tibia
-Dordalis pedis
SVR
Systemic vascular resistance
-SVR= (MAP-CVP) / CO x 80
-Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
-Resistance of bloof flow in all vessels except pulmonary
MAP
Mean arteriole pressure
-Avg arteriole pressure in systole and diastole
-MAP= SBP + 2 (DBP)
Functions of blood
-Fight inf
-Transport O2/CO2/wastes and nutrients
-Clotting
-Controls pH (buffer)
Alpha and Beta Andrenergic Receptors
Alpha 1- Vasoconstriction, cool clammy skin
Alpha 2- Inhibition of pre and post synaptic terminal transmission
Beta 1- Increase HR and contractility
Beta 2- Brocnhioldilation
Parasympathetic NS Receptors
Muscarinic
Heart- Decrease HR and contractility
RAS
Reticular activating system
-Stimulates the cerebral cortex
-Wakefulness and awareness
Occipital Lobe
Vision and storage of memories
Parietal Lobe
Sense of touch and texture
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, smell and language
Frontal Lobe
Voluntary muscle control
Prefrontal
Judgement and predicting consequences of actions
Limbic System
Basic emotions and reflexes
V/Q Ratio
Ventillation/perfusion ratio
Types of shock
-Hypovolemic
-Cardiogenic
-Obstructive
-Anaphylactic
-Septic
-Neurogenic
Respiratory Compromise (ventillation)
Causes
-Damage to centers of brain
-Chest injury
-Obstruction of airway
Effect
-CO2 increase
-erratic breathing
-Depth and rate of breathing decrease
Respiratory Compromise (Respiration)
Causes
-Fluid in alveoli
-Mucus or infectious wastes
-Impaired BF
Effects
-Prevention of gaseous exchange
-BF restricted at tissue (Internal)
Respiratory Compromise (O2)
Causes
-Decreased O2
-Increased CO2
-Toxins inhaled
Effects
-Affect O2 carrying capacity and diffusion of gases
Special Pops Anatomy
-Resp system is smaller and less rigid
-Tongue takes up proportionally more space
-Nasal and abdominal breathers
Special pops Respiratory
-Muscle retractions
-Nasal flarring
-Seesaw respirations (abdomen and chest)
-Grunting to keep airways open
-Forceful exhilation (wheezing)
