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Spanish 202 > Chapter 6 Grammar 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Grammar 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

los participios pasados con ser

A
  • the past participles with “to be”

- la voz pasiva

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2
Q

los participios pasados con estar

A
  • the past participles with “to be”

- una condición resultante

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3
Q

a past participle is a verb form…

A

…that typically appears after the verbs “to be” (ser and estar) and “to have” (haber)

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4
Q

In English, regular past participles end in…

A

-ed (closed, decided, prepared) or -en (spoken, eaten)

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5
Q

two different nuances in meaning with “to be” + past participle

A
  • an action expressed in the passive voice (The bookstore was closed by the owner)
  • a state or condition resulting from a prior action (The bookstore was closed when I arrived)
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6
Q

these nuances are contrasted by the two verbs for “to be”:

  • ser is used to form…
  • estar is used to express…
A
  • the passive voice

- a state or condition resulting from a prior action

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7
Q

When used with past participles, ser and estar may be conjugated…

A

…in any tense (present, past or future)

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8
Q

ser present tense conjugation

A 
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
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9
Q

ser past (preterit) tense conjugation - commonly used for the passive voice

A 
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
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10
Q

estar present tense conjugation

A 
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
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11
Q

estar past (imperfect) tense conjugation - for a resultant state or condition

A 
estaba
estabas
estaba
estábamos
estabais
estaban
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12
Q

hablar past participle

A

hablado

spoken

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13
Q

vender past participle

A

vendido

sold

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14
Q

decidir past participle

A

decidido

decided

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15
Q

when the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel other than “u”…

A

…a written accent mark appears on the past participle ending -ído

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16
Q

caer past participle

A

caído

fallen

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17
Q

traer past participle

A

traído

brought

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18
Q

creer past participle

A

creído

believed

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19
Q

leer past participle

A

leído

read

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20
Q

oír past participle

A

oído

heard

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21
Q

construir past participle

A

construido

built

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22
Q

Irregular past participles typically end in…

A
  • cho
  • to
  • so
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23
Q

decir irregular past participle

A

dicho

said

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24
Q

hacer irregular past participle

A

hecho

done

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25
Q

escribir irregular past participle

A

escrito

written

26
Q

freír irregular past participle

A

frito

fried

27
Q

romper irregular past participle

A

roto

broken

28
Q

ver irregular past participle

A

visto

seen

29
Q

poner irregular past participle

A

puesto

placed

30
Q

volver irregular past participle

A

vuelto

returned

31
Q

resolver irregular past participle

A

resuelto

resolved

32
Q

morir irregular past participle

A

muerto

dead

33
Q

abrir irregular past participle

A

abierto

open, opened

34
Q

cubir irregular past participle

A

cubierto

covered

35
Q

imprimir irregular

A

impreso

printed

36
Q

When used with ser and estar, a past participle functions as…

A

…an adjective (must agree in number and gender).

37
Q

Since both ser and estar are linking verbs that essentially mean “equals”…

A

…they may be omitted and the past participle may modify the noun directly.

38
Q

Spanish uses ser + past participle + por + agent/subject…

A

…to express an action in the passive voice.

39
Q

With the passive voice, the performer or agent of the action…

A

…is known and is usually stated after “por” (The desserts are prepared by the chef).

40
Q

With passive “se”…

A

…the performer or agent of the action is unimportant, unspecified and/or perhaps even unknown to the speaker (The desserts are prepared here).

41
Q

Spanish uses estar + past participle:

A
  • to express a state of condition resulting from a prior action
  • the focus is on the recipient or patient and how a previous action has affected it
  • a performer or agent is never expressed
  • the preposition phrase “por” + agent is never used
  • (The desserts are prepared/ready, but the guests are not yet here)
42
Q

Perfect tenses:

A
  • mark an action as completed

- are based on the compound construction “to have” (haber + past participle)

43
Q

Perfect tenses are called a compound (versus simple) because it has two parts:

A
  • the auxiliary or helping verb “to have” (haber)

- a past participle formed from a content verb

44
Q

The present perfect:

A
  • refers to an action completed before the present moment

- defined as the moment of speech

45
Q

The present perfect differs from the preterit/imperfect in that…

A

…the action expressed continues to have relevance or some bearing on the present (I have completed the course and now I’m ready for the next step).

46
Q

With the present perfect…

A

…the auxiliary verb haber is conjugated in the present tense.

47
Q

Haber present indicative conjugation

A 
to have
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
48
Q

When used with haber, a past participle…

A

…functions as part of a compound verb and has only one form ending with -o (is not an adjective in the perfect tenses and does not vary in number/gender).

49
Q

In “to have” (haber) + past participle constructions, object pronouns and “no”…

A

…are placed directly before the conjugated form of haber.

  • Las he leído en español; no las he leído en inglés.
  • I have read them in Spanish; I have not read them in English.
50
Q

When the present perfect tense is used in a subordinate clause that requires the subjective…

A

…the present perfect subjunctive is required.

  • I think that we have learned a lot.
  • My classmate doesn’t think that we have learned anything.
51
Q

Present subjunctive haber conjugation

A 
to have
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayáis
hayan
52
Q

The present perfect is used to express an action completed…

A

…before the present moment (the moment of speech). It is anchored in the present time frame.

53
Q

When the timeframe for the main clause is the present…

A

…the subordinate clause generally requires a form in the present time frame as well.

54
Q

componer irregular past participle

A

compuesto

composed

55
Q

devolver irregular past participle

A

devuelto

devolver = to give back, to return

56
Q

descubrir irregular past participle

A

descubierto

descubrir = to discover, to uncover

57
Q

cumplir past participle

A 
cumplido
cumplir (to achieve)
58
Q

elegir past participle

A 
elegido
elegir (to choose)
59
Q

ir past participle

A

ido

60
Q

ser past participle

A

sido

61
Q

dar past participle

A

dado

Spanish 202 (11 decks)

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