Chapter 6: Enlightenment & Revolution Flashcards
What’s geocentric theory? And who made it?
That everything revolved around Earth and Aristotle
Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Revolution 1550-1789
-Sasha Tomic
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What started the Scientific Revolution?
People questioning the geocentric theory
What is Scientific Revolution?
Based on careful observation and questioning accepted beliefs
Copernicus
- studied planetary movement
- heliocentric theory
- wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
What’s heliocentric theory?
Determines planets and stars revolved around sun
Brahe
Continued Copernicus’ work
Kepler
- Brahe’s assistant
- genius mathematician
- says we move in elliptical orbits
Galileo
- built his own telescope
- Starry Messenger
- Jupiter has 4 moons, sun has dark spots, and moon surface was uneven
Galileo Facts
- Catholic church warns him to stop going against church teachings
- wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
- Trial in Rome, signs confession saying Copernicus is wrong
What’s Scientific Method?
Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Bacon
Encouraged scientists to experiment and draw their own conclusions
Descartes
-analytical geometry- important tool for research
Newton
- wrote The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
- gravity
Janssen
Invented first microscope
Leeuwenhoek
Bacteria and red blood cells, improves microscope
Torricelli
First mercury barometer
Fahrenheit
Thermometer, mercury and glass
Celsius
Thermometer
Vesalius
- dissected human corpses
- published book
- detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscles
Jenner
Smallpox vaccine from cowpox
Boyle
Founder of modern chemistry, determined matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together
Boyle’s Law
Volume, temperature, pressure of gas affect each other
Enlightenment
“Age of Reason”
Intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
Hobbes
- says humans are naturally selfish and wicked
- believes social contract is between leader and people
Locke
- says people learn from themselves and everyone is born with 3 natural rights
- Believed governments power came from the consent of the governed
What did Locke say the 3 natural rights are?
- LIFE
- LIBERTY
- PROPERTY
Philosophes
- social critics
- apply reason to all aspects of life
- french
KNOW 5 CONCEPTS OF CORE BELIEF
It’s really long, so I didn’t write it, but look at page 196!
Voltaire
- Published 70 books
- used satire
- fought for freedom of speech
Rousseau
- individual freedoms
- says only good government is one formed freely by people
- believes social contract is between people only
Beccaria
-justice system- speedy trial, never use torture, punishment based on crime, no capital punishment
Wollstonecraft
- women
- fought for education and equal rights
Legacy of Enlightment
- belief in progress, more secular outlook
- importance of individual
Paris
Considered capital of Enlightenment
Diderot
-ENCYCLOPEDIA- collection of articles and essays (1751)
What helped spread Enlightenment?
- Encyclopedia
- newspaper
- songs
- pamphlets
What were the 2 art styles?
Baroque and Neoclassical
Baroque
- Grand, ornate
- old art
Neoclassical
“new classical”
- simple and elegant
- new art
3 music composers?
Haydn
Mozart
Beethoven
lighter and more elegant
New form of literature?
NOVEL
Richardson
- wrote first English novel
- gave characterization
Enlightened despots
“absolute ruler”
- embraced new ideas and reforms based on Enlightenment ideals
- makes country stronger and rule more effective
Three important enlightened despots?
- Frederick the Great
- Joseph II
- Catherine the Great
Frederick the Great
- granted religious freedom
- reduced censorship
- reformed justice system
- abolished torture
- “servant of the state”
- Prussia
Joseph II
- Austria
- legal reforms
- freedom of press and worship
- abolished serfdom
- peasants paid in cash
Catherine the Great
- recommended religious toleration
- no capital punishment
- wanted access to Black Sea
Partition of Poland
- disappeared from map of Europe
- Russia, Austria, and Prussia grabbed the territories (RAP)
George III
King of England
Navigation Act
-colonists had to sell most valuable products to Britain and pay high taxes on imports from France and Netherlands (This way they only bought from British)
Stamp Act
- official stamp on any printed material
- 1st tax directly paid to British government
Petition of Rights
-colonist say Stamp Act violated their rights- no taxation without representation
Boston Tea Party
-protest in import tax of tea
First Continental Congress
- in Philadelphia
- sent letters to protest king
American Revolution
-British soldiers and American militia men fired at each other
Second Continental Congress
- voted to raise an army and gave command to George Washington
- Declaration of Independence wrote by Thomas Jefferson
4 reasons America wins Revolution?
- motivation
- British generals were over confident
- time
- had help
Articles of Confederation
-weak nat’l gov’t, no executive or judicial branch, only one body, Congress, each state had one vote, no power to collect taxes or regulate trade, 9/13 vote needed
Constitutional Convention
- revised the AofC
- 55 delegates
federal system
-power divided between national and state government
Checks and balances
Branches crack each other to make sure one doesn’t have too much power
Federalists
-support constitution
Anti-Federalists
- against new constitution
- want Bill of Rights
