Chapter 6- Economic and social developments

Question 1

What policies did Mikhail Von Reutern produce between 1862-78

Answer 1

Trade promoted with reduction of import duties in 1863

Foreign investment encouraged

New legislation regulated joint-stock companies

Government support offered to develop cotton industry following American civil war (1865)

Question 2

What was the annual average growth rate following Von Reutern’s time in office

Answer 2

6%

Question 3

What began in Baku in 1871

Answer 3

Oil extraction

Question 4

What did a third of government spending go on in 1870

Answer 4

Repayment of debts

Question 5

How much of government revenue came from indirect taxation

Answer 5

66%

Question 6

What was introduced in 1887 to discourage imports

Answer 6

A 30% tariff on the price of raw materials impirted

Question 7

What happened to grain exports between 1881 and 1891

Answer 7

Increased 18%

Question 8

What year did the Russian budget reach a surplus

Answer 8

1892

Question 9

What was the downside in the increased production of grain

Answer 9

Many peasants left with depleted grain reserves due to requisitioning which worsened the famine in 1891

Question 10

What did Vyshnegradsky say about grain

Answer 10

‘We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export’

Question 11

Why was Vyshnegradsky fired in 1892

Answer 11

Famine

Question 12

How many provinces did the famine effect

Answer 12

17/39

Question 13

How many people were killed by the famine

Answer 13

350,000

Question 14

How did foreign investment change from 1880 to 1890

Answer 14

98 million to 215 million

Question 15

What rank was Russia for industrial economy by 1897

Answer 15

Fourth

Question 16

How did coal production change under Vyshnegradsky and witte (1880-1890)

Answer 16

Doubled (3-6 million)

Question 17

How did crude oil production change under Vyshnegradsky and witte (1880-1890)

Answer 17

500,000 to 4 million

Question 18

How many kilometres of railways were built in 1871-1875

Answer 18

1,650 km

Question 19

How many kilometres of railways were built in 1881-1890

Answer 19

1,500 km

Question 20

Why did agriculture not progress at the same rate as other industries from 1870-1890

Answer 20

High taxes

Grain requisitioning

Traditional farming practices

Question 21

What was Russias grain production compared to UK and Germany in the 1880’s

Answer 21

Russia- 46 puds per desatin

UK and Germany- 146 puds per desatin

Question 22

What was Russia’s rye production compared to France and USA in 1880’s

Answer 22

Russia- 54 puds per desatin

France and USA- 68 puds per desatin

Question 23

In 1880 what percentage of university professors came from nobility

Answer 23

20%

Question 24

How many nobles has their own businesses in Moscow in 1872

Answer 24

700

Question 25

What reforms were made for the proletariat from 1882-1890

Answer 25

Reduced working hours to 10 Appointment if inspectors Reduction in excessive fines

Question 26

How many strikes were there between 1886-1894

Answer 26

33

Question 27

How many former serfs in the Tambov region could not feed their family in the 1880’s

Answer 27

66%

Question 28

What was the average life expectancy for Russian peasants compared to that in Britain

Answer 28

Men- 27 Woman-29 Britain-45

Question 29

What percentage of the population were orthodox

Answer 29

70%

Question 30

How many people converted to orthodoxy under Alexander III

Answer 30

8500 Muslims 50,000 pagans 40,000 catholics and lutherans

Question 31

who was minister of finance from 1862 to 1878

Answer 31

Mikhail von reutern

Question 32

what was von reuterns main belief

Answer 32

state control needed for economic growth

Question 33

what changes were made under von reutern

Answer 33

treasury reformed tax farming abolished reduced tariffs to promote foreign trade supported growth of railway, coal and cotton

Question 34

what was the annual growth rate under von reutern

Answer 34

6%

Question 35

what are examples of expanded industry under von reutern

Answer 35

iron works in donetsk iron mining in krivoli oil mining in Baku

Question 36

what problems did von reutern face

Answer 36

instability of rouble had to increase tariffs to increase revenue

Question 37

when was vyshnagradsky minister of finance

Answer 37

1887-92

Question 38

what was vyshnagradsky's key aim

Answer 38

balance budget

Question 39

what did vyshnagradsky introduce to promote revenue

Answer 39

30% tariff on raw materials

Question 40

how did grain exports change under vyshnagradsky

Answer 40

increased to making up 18% of Russias exports

Question 41

what did Vyshnagradsky achieve by 1892

Answer 41

balance surplus

Question 42

what was the key issue with vyshnagradsky

Answer 42

didn't focus on effects of policies on individuals (famine)

Question 43

when was With minister of finance

Answer 43

1892-1903

Question 44

what was witte's key belief

Answer 44

economy had to be modernised

Question 45

what did witte encourage

Answer 45

foreign investment

Question 46

how did the number of factory workers change under witte

Answer 46

doubled from 1887-1903

Question 47

how did coal production change under witte

Answer 47

increased 500% from 1880-1900

Question 48

how did oil production change under witte

Answer 48

increased 2.5 x from 1890-1900

Question 49

what was the annual growth rate from 1894-1904 (Witte)

Answer 49

8%