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Tsarist Russia > Chapter 6- Economic and social developments > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Economic and social developments Flashcards

1
Q

What policies did Mikhail Von Reutern produce between 1862-78

A

Trade promoted with reduction of import duties in 1863

Foreign investment encouraged

New legislation regulated joint-stock companies

Government support offered to develop cotton industry following American civil war (1865)

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2
Q

What was the annual average growth rate following Von Reutern’s time in office

A

6%

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3
Q

What began in Baku in 1871

A

Oil extraction

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4
Q

What did a third of government spending go on in 1870

A

Repayment of debts

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5
Q

How much of government revenue came from indirect taxation

A

66%

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6
Q

What was introduced in 1887 to discourage imports

A

A 30% tariff on the price of raw materials impirted

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7
Q

What happened to grain exports between 1881 and 1891

A

Increased 18%

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8
Q

What year did the Russian budget reach a surplus

A

1892

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9
Q

What was the downside in the increased production of grain

A

Many peasants left with depleted grain reserves due to requisitioning which worsened the famine in 1891

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10
Q

What did Vyshnegradsky say about grain

A

‘We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export’

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11
Q

Why was Vyshnegradsky fired in 1892

A

Famine

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12
Q

How many provinces did the famine effect

A

17/39

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13
Q

How many people were killed by the famine

A

350,000

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14
Q

How did foreign investment change from 1880 to 1890

A

98 million to 215 million

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15
Q

What rank was Russia for industrial economy by 1897

A

Fourth

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16
Q

How did coal production change under Vyshnegradsky and witte (1880-1890)

A

Doubled (3-6 million)

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17
Q

How did crude oil production change under Vyshnegradsky and witte (1880-1890)

A

500,000 to 4 million

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18
Q

How many kilometres of railways were built in 1871-1875

A

1,650 km

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19
Q

How many kilometres of railways were built in 1881-1890

A

1,500 km

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20
Q

Why did agriculture not progress at the same rate as other industries from 1870-1890

A

High taxes

Grain requisitioning

Traditional farming practices

21
Q

What was Russias grain production compared to UK and Germany in the 1880’s

A

Russia- 46 puds per desatin

UK and Germany- 146 puds per desatin

22
Q

What was Russia’s rye production compared to France and USA in 1880’s

A

Russia- 54 puds per desatin

France and USA- 68 puds per desatin

23
Q

In 1880 what percentage of university professors came from nobility

A

20%

24
Q

How many nobles has their own businesses in Moscow in 1872

A

700

25
Q

What reforms were made for the proletariat from 1882-1890

A

Reduced working hours to 10

Appointment if inspectors

Reduction in excessive fines

26
Q

How many strikes were there between 1886-1894

A

33

27
Q

How many former serfs in the Tambov region could not feed their family in the 1880’s

A

66%

28
Q

What was the average life expectancy for Russian peasants compared to that in Britain

A

Men- 27

Woman-29

Britain-45

29
Q

What percentage of the population were orthodox

A

70%

30
Q

How many people converted to orthodoxy under Alexander III

A

8500 Muslims

50,000 pagans

40,000 catholics and lutherans

31
Q

who was minister of finance from 1862 to 1878

A

Mikhail von reutern

32
Q

what was von reuterns main belief

A

state control needed for economic growth

33
Q

what changes were made under von reutern

A

treasury reformed

tax farming abolished

reduced tariffs to promote foreign trade

supported growth of railway, coal and cotton

34
Q

what was the annual growth rate under von reutern

A

6%

35
Q

what are examples of expanded industry under von reutern

A

iron works in donetsk

iron mining in krivoli

oil mining in Baku

36
Q

what problems did von reutern face

A

instability of rouble

had to increase tariffs to increase revenue

37
Q

when was vyshnagradsky minister of finance

A

1887-92

38
Q

what was vyshnagradsky’s key aim

A

balance budget

39
Q

what did vyshnagradsky introduce to promote revenue

A

30% tariff on raw materials

40
Q

how did grain exports change under vyshnagradsky

A

increased to making up 18% of Russias exports

41
Q

what did Vyshnagradsky achieve by 1892

A

balance surplus

42
Q

what was the key issue with vyshnagradsky

A

didn’t focus on effects of policies on individuals (famine)

43
Q

when was With minister of finance

A

1892-1903

44
Q

what was witte’s key belief

A

economy had to be modernised

45
Q

what did witte encourage

A

foreign investment

46
Q

how did the number of factory workers change under witte

A

doubled from 1887-1903

47
Q

how did coal production change under witte

A

increased 500% from 1880-1900

48
Q

how did oil production change under witte

A

increased 2.5 x from 1890-1900

49
Q

what was the annual growth rate from 1894-1904 (Witte)

A

8%

Tsarist Russia (10 decks)

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