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Tsarist Russia > Chapter 2- Alexander II > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Alexander II Flashcards

1
Q

How many serfs did he emancipate in 1861

A

51 million

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2
Q

What was his nickname

A

‘The tsar liberator’

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3
Q

What fuelled Alexander’s desire to emancipate the Serfs

A

His tutor Vasily Zhukovsky

Travels around the empire under Nicholas I

Spending time with ‘enlightened beurocrats’ such as the Milyutin brothers

His brother (Grand Duke Konstantin)

His aunt (Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna)

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4
Q

How did Alexander start his reign

A

Releasing political prisoners and pardoning the Decembrists

Relaxed censorship

Lessened university and travel restrictions

Cancelled tax debts

Have old liberties back to Poland and the Catholic Church

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5
Q

How did Alexander try to gain nobles support for emancipation

A

Traveled round the countryside preaching pro-emancipation speeches (1958-1959)

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6
Q

Who did the original emancipation edict free

A

Privately owned serfs

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7
Q

When did state Serge get their freedom

A

1966

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8
Q

How long did serfs have to pay redemption payments for

A

49 years

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9
Q

What was the name of peasant communes who were responsible for distributing land and collecting taxes

A

Mir

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10
Q

What were introduced to oversee the Mir

A

Volosts

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11
Q

What did the volosts do

A

Oversaw the Mir

Had their own courts to replace landlords jurisdiction over Serfs

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12
Q

How many peasants remained ‘temporarily obligated’ to their lord until 1881

A

15%

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13
Q

What percentage of the peasantry were production surplus by 1878

A

50%

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14
Q

How many riots were there in the first four months following the emancipation

A

647

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15
Q

What is an example of a riot following the emancipation

A

Bezdna riot where 70 peasants were killed

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16
Q

What was the effect of emancipation on many nobles

A

Bankruptcy

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17
Q

What military reforms did Alexander make

A

Conscription was made compulsory for all classes

Minimum service reduced from 25 to 15 years

Punishments made less harsh and military colonies abolished

Modern weaponry used

Military colleges set up to provide better training to those of lower classes

Army literacy improved as a result of army literacy campaigns

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18
Q

What war did Russia partake in following Crimea

A

Turkey 1877-1878

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19
Q

What local government reforms did Alexander make

A

Introduced zemstva

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20
Q

How were the Zemstva elected and what was the problem with this

A

Through electoral colleges

This favoured the higher classes

21
Q

What did the zenstva get given power to do

A

Improve public services

Develop industrial projects

Provide poor relief

22
Q

When were the zemstva introduced to towns

A

1870

23
Q

What percentage of nobles and peasants made up district zemstvas

A

42% nobles

38% peasants

24
Q

What percentage of nobles and peasants made up provincial zemstvas

A

74% nobles

10.5% peasants

25
Q

What judiciary reforms were made in 1864

A

Innocent until proven guilty

Everyone had the right to be placed in front of a randomly selected jury

Judges were better payed and trained

Judges selected by the tsar

Courts were open to the public and the press

26
Q

What was the problem with the new judicial laws

A

Some judges and jury’s used it as a platform to criticise the tsar by acquitting people they felt pity for

27
Q

What were the new judicial reforms based off

A

The west

28
Q

What was a limitation of the judicial reforms

A

Trial by jury never established in Poland the Caucuses and the western provinces

29
Q

What education reforms were made in 1864

A

Universities could govern themselves ans appoint their own staff

Zemstva got control of education over the Orthodox Church

Woman allowed at primary ans vocational schools after 1870

30
Q

How did the numbers of children in primary schools change between 1856-1880

A

8000 to 23000 schools

400000 to a million students

31
Q

What censorship reforms were made in 1858-1870

A

Restrictions on publications reduced

Foreign publications allowed with government approval

Pires could print editorials that commented on government policy

32
Q

How did the number of books published per year change from 1855 to 1894

A

1020 in 1855

1836 in 1864

10,691 in 1894

33
Q

How did the population of Russia change from 1950-97

A

grew from 80-122m

34
Q

what was the Russian population in 1958

A

74 million

35
Q

how much of the Russian population were serfs in 1958

A

24 million serfs

19 million state owned peasants

population was 70 million

36
Q

what percentage of the population worked the land in 1958

A

85%

37
Q

when was the first assassination attempt on Alexander II

A

1966

38
Q

what made Alexander II more reactionary

A

first assassination attempt

39
Q

when was the Circassian genocide

A

1863

40
Q

how many were killed in the Circassian genocide

A

800,000

41
Q

what percentage of the caucasus region was deported or killed

A

97%

42
Q

how many books were published in 1955 compared to 1964

A

1955- 1,020

1964- 1,894

43
Q

what percentage of soldiers had a gun in the crimean war

A

50%

44
Q

when was Alaska sold to the USA

A

1867

45
Q

what was the league of the three emperors

A

alliance between Russia, Germany and Austro-hungary

46
Q

when was the Turkish war

A

1877

47
Q

what was the Paris treaty

A

brought an end to the crimean war

48
Q

what did the Black Sea clauses in the Paris treaty force Russia to do

A

decrease the size of the navy

Tsarist Russia (10 decks)

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