Chapter 6 (Demand For Sleep) Flashcards
1
Q
consciousness
A
- our awareness of internal and external stimuli at any given moment
- ranges from total to complete lack of awareness
- is a psychological construct
2
Q
psychological construct
A
understanding of psychological phenomena that cannot be directly measured or observed
3
Q
normal waking consciousness (NWC)
A
- associated with being awake
- aware of objects and external world
- remain aware of own personal identity
- perceive world as real, maintain time & place
- spend two thirds of each day in NWC
4
Q
altered state of consciousness (ASC)
A
- any state of consciousness that is significantly different from NWC
- mental processing on internal & external stimuli
- other ASC are induced (meditation or hypnosis)
- may experience psychological changes to perception
5
Q
NREM sleep
A
- divided into 4 stages
- approx 75-80% of our sleep time
- in each stage of NREM physiological activity reduces
6
Q
NREM sleep (stage 1)
A
- occurs as we drift in and out of a true sleep state
- physiological arousal begins to decrease
- spend 5% time in this stage
- very easily awakened during this time
7
Q
NREM sleep (stage 2)
A
- classified as light sleep
- makes up majority of sleep cycle (45-50%)
- body still continues to physiologically relax
8
Q
NREM sleep (stage 3)
A
- start at deepest period of sleep
- brain shows mix of theta and delta waves
9
Q
REM sleep
A
- characterised by brief bursts of movement from our eyes
- makes up 20% of total sleep time
- brain waves are very similar pattern to when awake
- first period REM lasts 5 mins, later periods last 20-25 mins
- when most of our dreaming occurs
- important for psychological health & memory
10
Q
measurement of physiological responses
A
- most objective and reliable
weaknesses: can be invasive, limited ability to identify persons conscious experience, physiological responses may be caused by other
11
Q
electroencephalograph (EEG)
A
- detects and records electrical activity in the brain
- tiny electrodes are placed on the skull
- EEG recordings indicate changes in brain waves associated with changes to consciousness
12
Q
electromyograph (EMG)
A
- detects and records the electrical activity of muscles
- electrodes are attached to the skin under the muscle
- EMG show low to moderate activity during NREM and minimal during REM
13
Q
electrooculargraph (EOG)
A
- detects and records the electrical activity of muscle in the eye
- electrodes are attached on the face around the eye
- during NREW there a periods of no or very little rapid eye movement, REM there is many periods of rapid eye movement
14
Q
self - report
A
sleep diary, data can be bias
15
Q
video monitoring
A
- monitors individuals while they sleep
responses: changes in posture, tossing & turning, sleep walking - subjective: there might be different interpretations of the behaviour
16
Q
beta brain waves
A
- small and fast waves (high frequency and low amplitude)
- high electrical level
- associated with high mental alertness in NWC and REM sleep
17
Q
alpha brain waves
A
- bigger and slower than beta (high frequency and low amplitude)
- associated with being awake but relaxed
18
Q
theta brain waves
A
- some big and small (medium frequency and mixed amplitude waves)
- appears when we are very drowsy and early stages of sleep
19
Q
delta brain waves
A
- very big and slow waves (low frequency and high amplitude)
- associated with very low levels of mental activity (deep sleep)
20
Q
B . A . T . D
A
higher arousal ———> lower arousal
high fre low amp ——-> low fre high amp
21
Q
biological rhythms
A
- events constantly in our environment and body
- naturally occurring physiological responses
e.g: body temp, blood sugar levels, hormone secretion
22
Q
circadian rhythms
A
- changes in bodily functions that occur as a cycle of 24 hrs
- sleep wake cycle is the most common rhythm
- this rhythm involves our sleepiness & alertness
23
Q
ultradian rhythm
A
- changes in bodily functions that occur as a cycle of less than 24 hrs
- sleep cycle, start cycle through 90 min period during REM sleep
- other hormones release
24
Q
suprachiasmatic nucleus & melatonin
A
- light is the biggest influence on the sleep wake cycle, used to influence melatonin release
- when light levels are high (SCN) of the hypothalamus suppresses and release melatonin from the pineal gland
- when light levels begin to lower the SCN increases the release of melatonin from the pineal gland
- increased levels of melatonin in the blood lead to greater feeling of sleepiness
25
Q
important changes in the sleep cycle
A
- as we age time spent asleep decreases
- the time spent in NREM/REM sleep changes from 50% NREM straight after birth to 80% in childhood
- time spent in slow wave sleep decreases particularly in late adulthood
26
Q
newborns/infants
A
- very little regular rhythm, both sleep cycle (45mins)
- sleep episodes (3-4 hrs max) tend to be shorter than adult
- sleep onset occurs through REM, sleep episodes consist of 2-3 cycles, time in REM sleep 50%
-from 3-12 month olds sleep cycle become more regular, sleep total of 13-14 hrs
27
Q
children
A
- 2-5 year olds tend to have a sleep episode of about 11-13 hrs
- time spent in REM decreases and NREM increases
- deep sleep children experience is deeper than adults
- children in stage 3 NREM tend to be very difficult to wake
28
Q
adolescents
A
- tend to need to sleep for about 9hrs
- 80% NREM and 20% REM ratio
29
Q
adults/elderly
A
- sleep cycle consists of 4-5 cycles, 7-8 hr duration
- 80% NREM and 20% REM ratio
- time spent in NREM stage 3 sleep gradually decreases
- elderly sleep episodes consist of NREM stage 2, therefore are easily woken.
