Chapter 5 (Memory)

Question 1

implicit memory

Answer 1

memory of how to do something, actions and skills, can be physical or intellectual, learned by classical conditioning and practice (knowing how)
- does not require conscious retrieval
- effortless recall

consists of
- procedural - how to
- classically conditioned - fear or reflexes

Question 2

explicit memory

Answer 2

memory of specific facts or events (knowing that)
- can be consciously retrieved
- memories retrieved in response to a specific request

Question 3

episodic memory

Answer 3

memory of life events, autobiographical (episodes)
- personally relevant events

Question 4

semantic memory

Answer 4

information we have about the world, areas of academic knowledge, important places, famous events.
- facts that do not rely on specific time or place
- the facts

Question 5

what is memory

Answer 5

• the storage retrieval of information acquired through learning
• internal record of some prior experience

Question 6

information processing - encoding

Answer 6

converting information to a useable form so that it can be entered and be stored

Question 7

information processing - storage

Answer 7

retaining information in memory overtime

Question 8

information processing - retrieval

Answer 8

locating and recovering the stored information from the memory when needed so that we can use it.

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

function - is the entry point for new information, information is in it’s original sensory form
capacity - unlimited
duration - 0.2-4 seconds
- each sensory impression slightly overlaps the next so we see the world as continuous

Question 10

short term memory

Answer 10

• helps store info while you work on it, limited storage capacity
  duration - 12-30 seconds
  capacity - 7 + or - 2 (5-9) pieces of information
• information is lost through decay or displacement

Question 11

improving STM capacity

Answer 11

chunking - grouping bits of information into larger bits that can be remembered as single units
- chunking expands short term memory

Question 12

improving STM duration

Answer 12

rehearsal - the process of doing something so that information can be retained then received.

maintenance rehearsal - involves simple repetition of information be remembered so it can be retained
- needs to be attended consciously

elaborative rehearsal - attaching meaning to what is being remembered

Question 13

long term memory

Answer 13

function - info in encoded and stored, as long as you have correct cues information can be retrieved
- encoded by it meaning (semantically) and stored in semantic networks
duration - unlimited
capacity - unlimited

Question 14

types of long term memory

Answer 14

explicit - semantic and episodic

implicit - classical conditioning and procedural

Question 15

hippocampus

Answer 15

• important roles in encoding semantic and episodic memories
• aids in the consolidation of these memories
• acts in coordination with the amygdala

Question 16

amygdala

Answer 16

• involved in processing and regulating emotional reactions
• assists in recognising danger
• classically conditioned responses are encoded by the amygdala
• release of noradrenaline which activates the amygdala in turn the amygdala activates the hippocampus

Question 17

neocortex

Answer 17

• site of processing, storage and retrieval of explicit memories
• the memory of an experience is distributed throughout the neocortex
• retrieval of a entire experience requires retrieval of aspects from different area in the neocortex
• some areas are specialised

Question 18

the basal ganglia

Answer 18

• encodes motor component of the implicit procedural memories
• this includes voluntary motor movement
• stores memories of habituation learning
• decreases in response to stimuli when repeated

Question 19

the cerebellum

Answer 19

• encodes and stores implicit procedural memories
• simple reflexes learned through classical conditioning
  -the cerebellum is involved in posture, balance and fine motor skills

Question 20

episodic and semantic

Answer 20

hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex

Question 21

procedural and classically conditioned

Answer 21

procedural - neocortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia
classically conditioned - neocortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, amygdala

Question 22

retrieving autobiographical events

Answer 22

• hippocampus involved in the retrieval of episodic memories
• frontal and temporal lobe involved in the retrieval of semantic memories
• retrieval of autobiographical memories activates both these areas of the brain

Question 23

constructing possible imagined futures

Answer 23

• episodic memory allows individuals to construct a imagined future that is subjective and includes richly detailed elements
• semantic memory allows individuals to envision possible scenarios that fit with what they already know.

Question 24

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 24

• neurodegenerative disease - characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain
• characterised by memory decline
  symptoms - personality change, decrease in cognitive functions, frequently becoming confused
  types of lesions - amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles
• lesions are predominately found in the hippocampus
• patients struggle to remember semantic and episodic components of personally experienced events

Question 25

aphantasia

Answer 25

• lack the capacity to generate mental imagery
• create mental imagery sensory info that has been organised in STM then transferred to LTM to recreate experiences
• people without - draw on both episodic and semantic memory

people with - many not be able to visualise detailed episodic memories - inability to create mental imagery
- semantic memory may remain intact - visual may be lacking
- people with struggle to retrieve autobiographical events and create possible imagined futures

Question 26

mnemoics

Answer 26

• techniques to assist memory
• based on written language

Question 27

acronyms

Answer 27

• an abbreviation formed by using the first letter of each phrase to form a unit (ANZAC)

Question 28

acrostic

Answer 28

• use different words to help remember some kind of sequence
• the replaced word provides cues to recall the first word of each line

Question 29

method of loci

Answer 29

• using physical locations to help you remember info
• a set of locations you can physically or mentally walk through and recall a great deal of info in some way.

-e.g two subdivision of the NS - place CNS as the living room (central to home) and the PNS in the kitchen because it is peripheral (on the side of)

Question 30

first nation, aboriginal, torres strait islander mnemonics

Answer 30

• sun narratives of oral cultures
• songlines