Chapter 4 (Learning)

Question 1

observational learning

Answer 1

someone uses observation of a model’s actions and the consequences of those actions to guide future actions

Question 2

4 processes of observational learning - attention

Answer 2

attention - closely watch model’s behaviour
(more likely to pay attention if perceive then positive, similar, or the model is familiar)

Question 3

4 processes of observational learning - retention

Answer 3

retention - we must be able to remember the model’s behaviour, store in memory mental representation

Question 4

4 processes of observational learning - reproduction

Answer 4

reproduction - when behaviour has been retained, attempt to imitate what has been observed

Question 5

4 processes of observational learning - motivation/reinforcement

Answer 5

motivation/reinforcement - observer must want to perform the behaviour.
external - another person reinforces
vicarious - watching other people get praise
self - sense of pride at achievement

Question 6

classical conditioning

Answer 6

• three phase process
• before, during and after conditioning
• results in involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Question 7

learning

Answer 7

change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience

Question 8

conditioning

Answer 8

learning associations between a stimulus in the environment and behavioural response.

Question 9

key terms in classical conditioning

Answer 9

neutral stimulus - a stimulus that does not produce a predictable response (a bell)
unconditioned stimulus - a stimulus that naturally produces a response (meat)
unconditioned response - a naturally occurring response due to presentation of UCS (salvation due to meat)
conditioned stimulus - the stimulus that was previously NS now triggers same response as UCS
conditioned response - learned response that is produced by the NS

Question 10

operant condintioning

Answer 10

• three phase process
• involving reinforcement and punishment

Question 11

voluntary responses

Answer 11

• targets voluntary behaviour
• the subject is conscious and aware of the learning and deliberately engages/disengages in a behaviour in order to get/avoid the consequence

Question 12

3 phase model

Answer 12

antecedent - a stimulus that occurs before the behaviour
behaviour - which occurs due to the antecedent
consequence - which occurs after the behaviour

Question 13

positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 13

give - positive - is adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour (doing dishes for 5 dollars)
remove - negative - is taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase behaviour (taking away chores from child that finishes homework before 8pm)

Question 14

positive and negative punishment

Answer 14

• occurs when a stimulus weakens or decreases the likelihood of a o response
  positive - is adding a undesirable stimulus to decreases a behaviour (giving a detention for incorrect uniform)
  negative - is taking away a desirable stimulus to decrease a behaviour (removing internet access because child was looking at bad cites)

Question 15

aboriginal learning approaches

Answer 15

ways of knowing - connected to the landscape, relational, spiritual, holistic, oral cultures
learning embedded - kinship defines relationship to country, determines knowledge a person can hold, protects accuracy.
multi-modal system - all entities have their own language, country is a multi-modal
knowledge patterned - country holds al knowledge, songlines are the stories, landscape serves as ‘mnemonic’