Chapter 6: Conditioning and Learning Flashcards
the formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses
(classical conditioning & operant conditioning)
associative learning
whenever a person or animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both
- ___ learning requires little or no awareness or thought
Process of “stamping in” associations between objective stimuli and objective responses
associative learning
learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions
observational learning
higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation
Cognitive learning
- Paying attention
- Remembering
- Reproducing
- Characteristics of WHO is observed: such as authority figures, people we admire, or people who are similar (or different) from us).
Observational learning
a preferred way of receiviing and processing information
learning styles
(cognitive learning)
include spaced learning, being reflective, self-testing, and metacognition
Learning strategies
(Cognitive learning)
based on insight and understanding
Discovery learning
(cognitive learning)
an important contributor to student learning
Feedback
(Cognitive Learning)
a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli
Classical Conditioning
(associative learning)
Learning based on the positive or negative consequences or responding
Operant Conditioning (associative learning)
responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not
Thorndikes law of effect
Learning based on consequenses of responding. The probability of a response is altered by the effect that it has had
Requires that the learner actively “operate on” the environment. The learner needs to voluntarily emit, or produce, some kind of behavior.
Operant Conditioning
Nature of Response = Involuntary, reflex
Classical Conditioning
Nature of Response = Spontaneous, Voluntary
Operant COnditioning
Timing of learning = Occurs after response
Operant Conditioning
Timing of Response = Occurs before response
Classical Conditioning
Role of Learner= Passive (response is elicited by US)
Classical COnditioning
Role of learner = Active (response is emitted)
Operant COnditioning
Learned expectancy = US will folow CS
Classical COnditioning
Learned expectancy = Response will have a specific effect
Operant Conditioning
Nature of learning = Neutral stimulus becomes a CS through association with a US
Classical COnditoning
Nature of learning = Probability o fmaking a response is altered by consequences that follow it
Operant Conditioning
an apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals
Skinner box
probability of a response will be influenced by the consequences of those responses
- conditioning through reinforcemennt or punishment
Operant conditoning
event that follows a response and increases probability or reocurrence
reinforcement
occurs when a reward or positive event follows a response
positive reinforcement
occurs when making a response is followed by removing somethng unpleasant from environment
negative reinforcement
event that follows a response and decreases probability or reoccurence
punishment
occurs when behavior is followed by an aversive punisher
positive punishment
occurs when a reinforcer is removed, such as a privelege
negative punishment
Good events (food given), increase
positive reinforcement
Bad event ends (pain stops), increase
Negative reinforcement
bad event begins (pain begins), decrease
positive punishment
good event ends (food removed), decrease
negative punishment (response cost)
