Ch 7: Memory part 1 Flashcards
Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information
Memory
Stores sensory information for a second or two
Sensory (types of memory)
processes information through the process of maintenance rehearsal
short-term (working) (type of memory)
Requires encoding and storage, so that it can later be retrieved
Long-term (types of memory)
Sensory Input –>Sensory memory–>selective attention –>short-term (working) memory –>long term memory (LTM)
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
Thought to have a small capacity and relatively short duration (approx 20 seconds). Information is subject to mental activity, valuation, and comparison with other things we know.
Working memory
“amount” depends on the type of information
- sounds, mental images, or combination
Capacity of working memory
according to Miller, memory is limited to seven plus or minus two
- meaningful units of information such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases
Information bits
Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
- recodes or recognizes information into units
Chunking
repeating the same sounds over and over keeps them in working memory. without rehearsal, memories rapidly decay from memory
Maintenace rehersal
learning by simple repetition
rote rehearsal
makes information more meaningful, and a better way to form lasting memories. meaning of information. form links between new and existing information
elaborative rehearsal
a storage system that can hold a great deal of information for a lengthy period of time
long-term memory
lies outside of awareness
implicit (types of long-term memory)
stores information from your personal life, factual information
explicit (types of long-term memory)
facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories
- long-term memory is organized according to meaning, making some information more accessible
priming
Those outside of awareness:
1. Those things that require motor of performance skills such as typing or driving
2. classical and instrumental conditioning
3. priming - long-term memory is organized according to meaning, making some information more accessible
Implicit Memory
refers to memories that lie outside of awareness
Implicit Memory
Stores information from personal life, names, faces, words, dates, and ideas
Explicit Memory
Factual knowledge about the world, some knowledge is almost immune to forgetting
semantic memory
autobiographical, personal experience, life experience, life events, unless important easily forgotten
Episodic memory
a subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world
semantic (types of long-term memory)
a subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places
episodic (types of long-term memory)
assists in consolidation
sleep
is important in consolidation: part of the limbic system and acts as a switch between working and long-term memory
hippocampus
positive correlation between intensity of ___ and ability to remember.
emotion
recollections that are detailed or unusually vivid
- activate the limbic system, but are not always accurate
flashbulb memory
Think about the object and its meaning, considering connections to it in memory network
Levels of processing effect: more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information
Deep Processing
finding associations in everyday life, put information into meaningful groups
chunking
short study sessions with brief rest periods
spaced practiced
especially vivid ones, or mix words and images
mental images
imposing an artificial organization on material if no one is naturally present
mnemonics
Interference
- retroactive
- proactive
Motivated forgetting
- repression
- suppression
Forgetting
converting information into a form to be retained in memory
encoding
holding information in memory for later use
storage
recovery of stored information
retrieval
any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories. retrieval cues usually enhance memory
retrieval cue
process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories
redintegration
process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain
consolidation
failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory
encoding failure
retrieval of information with minimum of external cues
recall
when remembering an order list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items
serial position effect
ability to correctly identify previously learned information
recognition
learning again something that was previously learned. used to measure memory of prior learning
relearning
failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory).
retrieval failure
inability to form or retrieve memories or events due to an injury or trauma
amnesia
a practice schedule that alternate study periods with brief rests
spaced practice
a practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption
massed practice
mental pictures or visual depictions used in memory and thinking
mental images
