Ch 7: Memory part 1

Question 1

Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Stores sensory information for a second or two

Answer 2

Sensory (types of memory)

Question 3

processes information through the process of maintenance rehearsal

Answer 3

short-term (working) (type of memory)

Question 4

Requires encoding and storage, so that it can later be retrieved

Answer 4

Long-term (types of memory)

Question 5

Sensory Input –>Sensory memory–>selective attention –>short-term (working) memory –>long term memory (LTM)

Answer 5

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

Question 6

Thought to have a small capacity and relatively short duration (approx 20 seconds). Information is subject to mental activity, valuation, and comparison with other things we know.

Answer 6

Working memory

Question 7

“amount” depends on the type of information

• sounds, mental images, or combination

Answer 7

Capacity of working memory

Question 8

according to Miller, memory is limited to seven plus or minus two

• meaningful units of information such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases

Answer 8

Information bits

Question 9

Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
- recodes or recognizes information into units

Answer 9

Chunking

Question 10

repeating the same sounds over and over keeps them in working memory. without rehearsal, memories rapidly decay from memory

Answer 10

Maintenace rehersal

Question 11

learning by simple repetition

Answer 11

rote rehearsal

Question 12

makes information more meaningful, and a better way to form lasting memories. meaning of information. form links between new and existing information

Answer 12

elaborative rehearsal

Question 13

a storage system that can hold a great deal of information for a lengthy period of time

Answer 13

long-term memory

Question 14

lies outside of awareness

Answer 14

implicit (types of long-term memory)

Question 15

stores information from your personal life, factual information

Answer 15

explicit (types of long-term memory)

Question 16

facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories

• long-term memory is organized according to meaning, making some information more accessible

Answer 16

priming

Question 17

Those outside of awareness:
1. Those things that require motor of performance skills such as typing or driving
2. classical and instrumental conditioning
3. priming - long-term memory is organized according to meaning, making some information more accessible

Answer 17

Implicit Memory

Question 18

refers to memories that lie outside of awareness

Answer 18

Implicit Memory

Question 19

Stores information from personal life, names, faces, words, dates, and ideas

Answer 19

Explicit Memory

Question 20

Factual knowledge about the world, some knowledge is almost immune to forgetting

Answer 20

semantic memory

Question 21

autobiographical, personal experience, life experience, life events, unless important easily forgotten

Answer 21

Episodic memory

Question 22

a subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world

Answer 22

semantic (types of long-term memory)

Question 23

a subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places

Answer 23

episodic (types of long-term memory)

Question 24

assists in consolidation

Answer 24

sleep

Question 25

is important in consolidation: part of the limbic system and acts as a switch between working and long-term memory

Answer 25

hippocampus

Question 26

positive correlation between intensity of ___ and ability to remember.

Answer 26

emotion

Question 27

recollections that are detailed or unusually vivid - activate the limbic system, but are not always accurate

Answer 27

flashbulb memory

Question 28

Think about the object and its meaning, considering connections to it in memory network Levels of processing effect: more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information

Answer 28

Deep Processing

Question 29

finding associations in everyday life, put information into meaningful groups

Answer 29

chunking

Question 30

short study sessions with brief rest periods

Answer 30

spaced practiced

Question 31

especially vivid ones, or mix words and images

Answer 31

mental images

Question 32

imposing an artificial organization on material if no one is naturally present

Answer 32

mnemonics

Question 33

Interference - retroactive - proactive Motivated forgetting - repression - suppression

Answer 33

Forgetting

Question 34

converting information into a form to be retained in memory

Answer 34

encoding

Question 35

holding information in memory for later use

Answer 35

storage

Question 36

recovery of stored information

Answer 36

retrieval

Question 37

any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories. retrieval cues usually enhance memory

Answer 37

retrieval cue

Question 38

process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories

Answer 38

redintegration

Question 39

process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain

Answer 39

consolidation

Question 40

failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory

Answer 40

encoding failure

Question 41

retrieval of information with minimum of external cues

Answer 41

recall

Question 42

when remembering an order list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items

Answer 42

serial position effect

Question 43

ability to correctly identify previously learned information

Answer 43

recognition

Question 44

learning again something that was previously learned. used to measure memory of prior learning

Answer 44

relearning

Question 45

failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory).

Answer 45

retrieval failure

Question 46

inability to form or retrieve memories or events due to an injury or trauma

Answer 46

amnesia

Question 47

a practice schedule that alternate study periods with brief rests

Answer 47

spaced practice

Question 48

a practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption

Answer 48

massed practice

Question 49

mental pictures or visual depictions used in memory and thinking

Answer 49

mental images