Chapter 6: Bones And Bone Tissue

Question 0

Long bones

Answer 0

Bones: greater in length than width

Question 1

Number of bones in adult body

Answer 1

206

Question 2

Physiology of bones

Answer 2

Shape: give body it’s structure

Support: bones of the legs, pelvis and vertebral column supports the body and hold upright

Protection: protect delicate internal organs

Movement: movement of arms legs and ability to breathe a result from interaction between bones and muscles

Electrolyte balance: stores and releases minerals

Blood cell production: bone marrow produces RBC, WBC and platelets

Acid-base balance: absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH

Question 3

Short bones

Answer 3

Bones: cube shaped

Question 4

Flat bones

Answer 4

Bones: thin, but protective

Question 5

Irregular bones

Answer 5

Bones: complex shapes

Question 6

Four major microscopic bone cell types

Answer 6

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclast

Question 7

Diaphysis

Answer 7

Long main portion of the bone

Question 8

Epiphysis

Answer 8

The distal and proximal ends of the bone

Question 9

Metaphysis

Answer 9

Region where the diaphysis joins epiphysis

Question 10

Articular cartilage

Answer 10

Thin Hyaline cartilage that covers the Epiphysis, reduces friction and absorbs shock

Question 11

Periosteum

Answer 11

Dense irregular connective tissue covering the bone except where articular cartilage is present. It provides a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons

Question 12

Medullary cavity

Answer 12

Hollow cylindrical space in the diaphysis. Contains yellow bone marrow

Question 13

Endosteum

Answer 13

Thin membrane that lines medullary cavity, contains bone-forming cells

Question 14

Osteogenic cells

Answer 14

Unspecialized stem cells, they undergo cell division and resulting cells develop into osteoblasts

Question 15

Osteoblast

Answer 15

Bone-building cells, they synthesize and secrete collagen fibers

Deposition

Question 16

Osteocytes

Answer 16

Mature bone cells, maintain daily metabolism

Question 17

Osteoclasts

Answer 17

Release enzymes and acids which breakdown bone

Resorption

Question 18

Compact bone tissue

Answer 18

Contains osteons (Havershan systems) with a little space between

Makes up most of bone tissue and the diaphysis

Functionally compact bone, protects supports and resists stress

Question 19

Spongy bone tissue

Answer 19

Consists of trabeculae surrounding red bone marrow

Located in short, flat, irregular bones and the epiphysis of long bones

Functionally stores red bone marrow and provide some support

Question 20

Two hormones involved in maintaining blood calcium levels

Answer 20

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Question 21

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 21

Secreted from parathyroid glands

Released when blood calcium levels are low

Increases the number and activity of osteoclasts

Thereby releasing calcium from bone into blood

Question 22

Calcitonin

Answer 22

Secreted from thyroid, decreases osteoclast activity, released when blood calcium is elevated

Question 23

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 23

Saturated with fat giving it a yellowish color

Question 24

Red bone marrow

Answer 24

Red blood cell production takes place

Located in the adult ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis and upper parts of humerus and femur

Question 25

Increases bone strength

Answer 25

Mechanical stress on bones increases their strength

Weight-bearing exercise helps to build and retain bone mass