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Social Psych > Chapter 6: Attitudes > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Attitude

A

an evaluation of a person, object or idea

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2
Q

What are attitudes used for?

A
  • help us categorize, understand, & make sense of the world
  • give expression to our values
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3
Q

Where do Attitudes come from (3 types/origin)?

A

1) Affectively Based Attitudes
2) Behavior Based Attitudes
3) Cognitively Based Attitudes

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4
Q

What are Affectively Based Attitudes?

A

evaluative feelings that aren’t governed by logic & linked to ppls values

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5
Q

What are Behaviour Based Attitudes?

A

how ppl actually show their beliefs & evaluative feelings

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6
Q

What are Cognitively Based Attitudes?

A

thoughts & beliefs about our attitudes

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7
Q

Which theory is associated with Behavior Based Attitudes & why?

A

Self-Perception theory – when ppl don’t know how they feel until they see how they behave

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of Attitudes?

A

1) Explicit & 2) Implicit

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9
Q

What is the difference between Explicit & Implicit Attitudes?

A

Explicit - attitudes we consciously endorse & can easily report
Implicit - involuntary, uncontrollable

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10
Q

What 3 types of Conditioning is associated with which type of Attitude?

A

all relate to Implicit Attitudes
- Classical Condition
- Operant Conditioning
- Observational Learning

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11
Q

What was Richard LaPiere’s Study?

A

went to restaurants to see if they would refuse service to his friend –> attitudes don’t always predict behavior

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12
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

states that the best predictors of a person’s planned behavior are the person’s attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, & perceived behavioral control

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13
Q

When are our attitudes a good predictor of our behavior?

A
  • when we have specific attitudes
  • when we have subjective norms
  • when we have perceived behavioural control
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14
Q

What are specific attitudes?

A

the more specific attitude we have towards smth, the more likely it is to show up in our behavior

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15
Q

What are subjective norms?

A

ppl’s beliefs about how other ppl they care about will view the behavior

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16
Q

What is perceived behavioral control?

A

how much control we think we have over the behavior

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17
Q

What are the 3 ways can attitudes change?

A
  • persuasive communication (Yale attitude change approach)
  • fear
  • advertising
18
Q

What is persuasive communication?

A

communication that advocates a particular side of an issue

19
Q

What is the Yale Attitude Change Approach?

A

the study of conditions under which ppl are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages

20
Q

Who created/introduced the Yale Attitude Change Approach?

A

Carl Hovland

21
Q

What 3 factors dictate the effectiveness of the Yale Attitude Approach?

A
  • the source of communication (from who)
  • the nature of the communication (what/the message)
  • the nature of the audience (to whom/receiver)
22
Q

What is the Source of Communication?

A

who/where the communication is coming from; credible & attractive speakers persuade ppl more

23
Q

What is meant by “Nature of Communication”?

A

(what)
ppl are less likely to be persuaded by messages that seem specific to them; don’t like it when we are forewarned

24
Q

What is meant by the “Nature of the Audience”?

A
  • distracted audiences are more likely to be persuaded
  • ppl of low intelligence are more easily persuaded
  • ppl 18 - 25 are more susceptible to persuasion
25
Q

Who introduced the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

A

Petty & Cacioppo

26
Q

What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

A

suggests that there are 2 ways in which persuasive comms can cause attitude change: Central route & peripheral route

27
Q

What is the Central Route to persuasion?

A

consciously & thoughtfully considering the arguments towards an issue

28
Q

What is the Peripheral Route to persuasion?

A

no elaboration; emotional & superficial evaluations of a message

29
Q

What determines whether ppl take the central or peripheral route to persuasion?

A

whether ppl have the motivation & ability to pay attention to the facts

30
Q

What is Fear-arousing communication?

A

a persuasive message that attempts to change ppls attitudes by arousing their fears (ex. anti-smoking ads)

31
Q

What is Attitude Inoculation?

A

making ppl immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of the oppositional arguments

32
Q

When does Cognitive Dissonance occur?

A

when our attitudes conflict w/ one another or when they conflict w/ our behavior, we feel uncomfortable

33
Q

How can we reduce Cognitive Dissonance?

A
  • change the behavior
  • change the attitude
  • rationalize (easiest route)
34
Q

What is Post-decision Dissonance? & how do we reduce it?

A

the moment of discomfort after you’ve made a decision; we reduce it by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative & devaluing the rejected alternative

35
Q

What is the Justification of Effort?

A

we tend to increase our liking for smth that we’ve worked hard to attain

36
Q

What are the two types of Justification?

A
  • external justification
  • internal justification
37
Q

Difference between External & Internal Justification?

A

External - an explanation for dissonant behavior that resides outside the individual
Internal - the reduction of dissonance by changing our attitude or behavior

38
Q

What is Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy?

A

the process that occurs when a person states an opinion or attitude that runs counter to their private belief or attitude

39
Q

What did Festinger & Carlsmith study?

A

the process that occurs when a person states an attitude that runs counter to his or her private attitude

40
Q

What is the Rationalization Trap?

A

the potential for dissonance reduction to produce a succession of self-justifications that result in a chain of stupid actions

41
Q

What does Self-affirmation theory have to do w/ cognitive dissonance?

A

ppl will reduce the impact of dissonance by affirming their competence on some dimension

Social Psych (10 decks)

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