Chapter 6: Anxiety & Related Disorders Flashcards
Internalizing Disorders
Problems and disorders that manifest in; anxiousness, fear, withdrawal, timidity, depression ect.
Anxiety : Barlow (2002)
A future-oriented emotion,
characterized by perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability over
potentially negative events and a rapid shift in attention to the focus of
potentially dangerous situations or one’s own social-performative response to these
events.
Distinction between fear and anxiety
Fear: Immediate reaction to present threat.
Anxiety: Future orientated/driven fear.
3 types of reactions for both :
1. Overt : running away, trembling voice, shaking
2. Cognitive; self-deprecatory thoughts / worry
3. Physiological : heart rate increase/respiration, muscle tensions, upset stomach.
Worry
Viewed as a cognitive component of Anxiety.
Intrusive / uncontrollable thoughts regarding possible negative outcomes.
Specific Phobias
A marked fear of, or anxiety, regarding a specific object or situation.
Somatoform Disorder
Physical symptoms in the absence of a known physical pathology
Social Anxiety Disorder
Marked or persistent fear of acting in an embarrassing or humiliating way in social or performance situations.
Selective Mutism
Persistent failure to speak in select social settings despite possessing the ability to speak and speak comfortably in more familiar settings.
Separation Anxiety
Anxiety regarding separation from a major attachment figure and/or home.
School Refusal
Youth motivated: exhibit excessive anxiety regarding school attendance. Symptom of SAD: Separation Anxiety Disorder and is part of possible criteria : 8 symptom criteria.
Functional Analysis
Classifying a disorder/behaviour problem/dysfunction (ex: School refusal) by its function that the behaviour serves rather than by symptoms.
Truancy
Intermittent absentness/skipping of school without parental knowledge or permission (associated with conduct problems & lying)
Panic Attack
A discrete period of intense fear or terror that has a sudden onset and reaches a peak quickly - within a few minutes.
They can be uncued - unexpected (spontaneous) or cued-triggered.
Four or more symptoms must be present during an episode:
- cardiac reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate)
- sweating
- shaking or trembling
- feeling short of breath or smothering
- feeling as if choking
- feeling chest discomfort or pain
- feelings of abdominal distress or nausea
- feeling faint or lightheaded
- feeling chill or flushed
- feeling numbness or tingling (parathesias)
- feelings of unreality (derealization) or of being detached from oneself
(depersonalization) - fear of “going crazy” or of losing control
- fear of dying
Panic Disorder
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. Age of onset: typically adolescence (15 - 17)
To receive a DSM diagnosis of panic disorder, a month or more of one or both of the following must follow at least one of these attacks:
- persistent concern about having other panic attacks or worry about the
implications of the attack (“going crazy,” having a heart attack) - a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to attacks (e.g.,
avoidance of situations).
Trauma
An event outside everyday experience that would be distressing to almost anyone.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Intense psychological distress at exposure to the internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
Acute Stress Disorder —ASD
The development of specific fear behaviors that last from 3 days to 1 month after a traumatic event.
Reactive Attachment Disorder
The patient demonstrates a chronic pattern of being emotionally withdrawn and inhibited, which is demonstrated by rarely seeking or responsive to comfort when distressed
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
A pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults and exhibits at least two of the following: Reduced or absent reticence in approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults.
Adjustment Disorders
Excessive reactions to stress that involve negative thoughts, strong emotions and changes in behavior.
Dissociation
Alterations in self-awareness.
Reactions include:
Depersonalization : Feeling cut off from one’s feelings and environment.
Derealization: A marked sense of unreality.
Behavioural Inhibition
Negative Affectivity
A temperamental dimension characterized by a general and persistent negative mood.
Effortful Control
The ability to employ self-regulatory processes
Overprotective/intrusive parenting
Parent-child interactions that anticipate threats overly regulate and limit children’s activities, and instruct children in how to think and feel.
Exposure
To anxiety-provoking situations is a central element of successful
fear-reduction and anxiety treatment programs
Relaxation training
Teaches individuals to be aware of their physiological and muscular reactions to anxiety and provides them with skills to control these reactions.
Desensitization / systematic desensitization
When relaxation training is combined with exposure to feared situations,.
Either via visualizations or in vivo - real life.
Modeling
The youth observes another person interacting adaptively with the feared situation. The model can be live or symbolic (e.g., on film).
Contingency management
Positively reinforced practise of exposure therapy.
Exposure to response prevention
The child or adolescent is
gradually exposed to the situation that causes anxiety and the compulsive ritual
is prevented by helping the youngster resist the urge to perform the ritual.
