Chapter 6 and 7 Flashcards
what happens in vaccination
Vaccination involves introducing small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into your body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If the same live pathogen re-enters the body, the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.
what is herd immunity
If a large proportion of the population is immune to a immune to a pathogen, the spread of the pathogen is much reduced.
what do painkillers do
Painkillers treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens that cause it.
what do antibiotics do
antibiotics cure bacterial diseases by killing the bacterial pathogens inside your body
how was penicillin discovered
penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould
what are medical drugs tested for (3)
efficacy, toxicity, dosage
how are monoclonal antibodies produced
monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells. Each type is specific to one binding site on a specific protein antigen so they can target specific cells in the body or specific chemicals.
they are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a specific antibody. Large amounts of the specific monoclonal antibody can be collected and purified.
what are monoclonal antibodies used for
- for diagnosis in pregnancy tests
- in labs to measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood to detect pathogens for research
- to identify or locate specific molecules in cells or tissues
how can monoclonal antibodies kill cancer cells
if a monoclonal antibody is bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug, or a chemical that stops cells growing and dividing, it will deliver the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
why are monoclonal antibodies not used as commonly as first expected
as they have more side effects than originally expected.
what is a non-communicable disease
a disease that cannot be passed from one individual to another.
what are benign tumours
benign tumours form in one place and do not spread to other tissues
what are malignant tumours
malignant tissues invade neighbouring tissues and may spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
what are lifestyle risk factors
smoking, obesity, common viruses, UV exposure
what can smoking cause
they can cause cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease, lung cancer, bronchitis
