Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is the endocrine system made of
Glands that secrete hormones, directly into the blood stream, where they are carried to their target organs to produce an effect
list all the glands in body
- pituitary gland
- pancreas
- thyroid
- adrenal gland
- ovary
- testes.
what happens if blood glucose concentration is too high
pancreas produces insulin. Insulin allows glucose to move from the blood to your cells where it is used. Soluble glucose is also converted to an insoluble carbohydrate called glycogen. Insulin controls the storage of glycogen in your liver and muscles. Stored glycogen can be converted back into glucose when it is needed.
what happens if blood glucose concentration is too low
the insoluble glycogen is converted into soluble glucose. so that the blood glucose is still high
glucose VS glycogen VS glucagon
glucose = sugar = C6H12O6
glycogen = carbohydrate storage of glucose, in liver or muscle
glucagon = hormone, secreted by the pancreas to increase BGC
what is Type 1 Diabetes
Pancreas can’t produce insulin
- genetic
what Type is 2 Diabetes
Body stops responding to insulin
- obese
treatment for type 1 diabetes
insulin injections
pancreas transplant
treatment for type 2 diabetes
exercise regime and strict healthy diet, with controlled levels of carbohydrates
take drugs that
a) make insulin work better on body cells
b) help pancreas make more insulin
c) reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from the gut
What does adrenaline do
heart rate and breathing rate increases glycogen is converted to glucose pupils dilate mental awareness increases blood is diverted from your digestive system not controlled by negative feedback
What does Thyroxine do
made in the thyroid gland (neck)
increases basal metabolic rate
this is important in growth and development
It is controlled by negative feedback:
pituitary glands secretes TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones)
TSH stimulates the thyroid
thus the thyroid secretes thyroxine
the pituitary gland can detect the increased thyroxine and thus stop releasing TSH
oestrogen
a) where is it made
b) what does it do
a) ovaries
b)
secondary sexual female characteristics
maintains uterus lining
testosterone
a) where is it made
b) what does it do
a) testes
b)
secondary male sexual characteristics
sperm production
where are FSH and LH made
what does LH and FSH do
FSH causes egg cell to mature and stimulates ovaries to make more oestrogen
LH causes ovulation = egg cell is released
what does progesterone do
maintains the uterus lining thick
list some secondary sexual characteristics
a) male
b) female
a) growth spurt, pubic hair, larynx gets bigger, voice breaks, shoulder’s broaden
b) growth hair, breasts develop, hips broaden
what does FSH do
causes eggs to mature
stimulates the ovary to produce oestrogen
what does LH do
triggers ovulation
what does oestrogen do
inhibits the release of FSH
stimulates the release of LH
what does progesterone do
inhibits the release of both FSH and LH
what are spermicides
these are chemicals that kill or disable sperm.
what are oral contraceptives
contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature
list some methods of contraception
- oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature
- injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years
- barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg
- intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone
- spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm
- abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct
- surgical methods of male and female sterilisation.
