Chapter 6 Flashcards
Our moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment is called
consciousness
Selective attention refers to the process that focuses awareness on some stimuli to
the exclusion of others
An electroencephalograph (EEG) is an example of a
physiological measures
Consciousness is considered dynamic and ever-changing because
people drift between states of consciousness throughout the day
The most common method for studying consciousness is
self-report
True or false: Physiological measures can tell us what a person is experiencing subjectively.
false
An electroencephalograph (EEG) can be used to identify the different stages of
sleep
Although behavioural measures are objective, they still require us to
infer the person’s state of mind
Consciousness is considered self reflective because
the mind is aware of its own consciousness
The rouge test is an example of a
behavioural measure fo conciousness
The correspondence between bodily processes and mental states is established by
physiological measures
The three levels of awareness are
the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind
Events that cannot be brought into conscious awareness under ordinary circumstances are called
unconscious mental events
Which of the following groups of researchers were the FIRST to criticize Freud’s work?
Behaviourists
According to cognitive psychologists, the conscious use of attention and effort is called
controlled processing.
Some activities involve
__________ processing which occurs without conscious awareness or effort.
automatic
Thoughts and perceptions that we are currently aware of are called
conscious mental events
Freud’s notion of unconscious influence
has been supported by modern research
According to cognitive psychologists, the performance of a task without conscious awareness is called
automatic processing
Which type of processing is MOST flexible?
controlled processing
In the study conducted by Chartrand et al., it was found that the participants who were exposed to positive nouns experienced
more positive emotions
Visual agnosia is an
__________ to visually recognize objects.
inability
Which type of processing increases our chances of finding new ways to approach problems?
controlled
Automatic processing facilitates
___________attention which allows us to attend to and perform more than one activity at the same time.
divided
The visual pathway linked to memory and emotion is
consciously accessible
A rare condition in which an individual is perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field but respond to some visual stimulus is known as
blindsight
Neuroscientists conceptualize the mind as a
__________ workspace where a collection of largely separate but interacting information-processing modules perform tasks in parallel and somewhat independently but with crosstalk.
global
An inability to visually recognize objects is called
visual agnosia
Every 24 hours our bodily functions undergo rhythmic changes that affect our alertness and ready our passage back and forth between waking consciousness and sleep. This process is called the
circadian rhythm
Which of the following is the regulator of the circadian rhythms?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus
Research suggests that there are ____ main visual pathways in the brain.
2
Candice has left-hemisphere brain damage, consequently she is blind in the right half of her visual field. Most likely, Candice has a rare condition called
blindsight
Which of the following applies to the concept of consciousness as a global workspace?
Consciousness is the unified activity of multiple modules in different areas of the brain.
Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?
A person’s temperature changes, certain hormones are secreted and other bodily changes occur over a 24-hour period
Melatonin is
a hormone with a relaxing effect on the body
Most circadian rhythms are regulated by the _______ nuclei.
suprachiasmatic
In experimental situations where people have been kept in darkness, most participants drifted into a natural wake-sleep cycle, called a free-________ circadian rhythm that is longer than 24 hours.
running
A rare condition in which an individual is perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field but respond to some visual stimulus is known as_______
blindsight
According to Smith’s research, individuals from regions with _____ climates exhibit more morningness than students from those with climates with the opposite weather pattern.
warmer
Neuroscientists conceptualize the mind as a _________workspace where a collection of largely separate but interacting information-processing modules perform tasks in parallel and somewhat independently but with crosstalk.
global
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that has a relaxing effect on the body is
melatonin
The term_________affective disorder describes a cyclic tendency to become psychologically depressed during certain times of the year.
seasonal
According to Smith, students from which of the following countries are MORE likely to take morning classes?
India, Columbia, Spain
How much of a typical person’s life is spent asleep?
1/3
As a person enters stage 2 of sleep, their brain-wave pattern consists of
sleep spindles
People experience less jet lag when flying _____ than when flying ____.
west;east
True or false: Circadian rhythms do not regulate sleep directly.
true
Theta waves are best described as _____ relative to alpha waves.
slower
Delta waves occur during
stage 3 and 4
The cycle of sleep stages is
1-2-3-4-3-2
What is the physiological arousal level during REM sleep?
The same as daytime levels
Which of the following is an example of REM sleep paralysis?
Muscles twitch, but in effect the person is paralyzed and unable to move.
Each cycle through the sleep stages takes about ______ minutes
90
REM sleep_______________ is a state where your body is highly aroused, yet it looks like you are sleeping peacefully because there is so little movement.
paralysis
Which age group averages between 7 and 8 hours of sleep per night?
19 to 30 year olds
Approximately how long is a sleep cycle?
90 minutes
Which of the following describes the brain structures involved in falling asleep?
The basal forebrain
Which age group averages just under 6 hours of sleep per night?
Elderly adults
In studies on sleep deprivation, the typical sleep-deprived person functioned
only as well as someone in the bottom 9 percent of non-deprived participants
Which of the following brain structures are involved in sleep?
The reticular formation
The pons
The primary motor cortex
Which of the following models of sleep relates the purpose of sleep to physical and mental fatigue?
The restoration model
What is the most common sleep disorder?
Insomnia
Extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks that can last from less than a minute to an hour is called
narcolepsy.
During which stage is sleepwalking most likely to occur?
Stage 3 or 4
What percentage of adults sleepwalk?
5
What is the percentage of adults who suffer from night terrors?
1 to 2 percent
What percentage of children sleepwalk?
10 to 30 percent
The
__________state is a transitional state from wakefulness through early stage 2 sleep. Visual hallucinations often occur.
hypnagogic
Western cultures think of dreaming
as interesting but not significant
Which of the following were findings that Hall and Van de Castle (1966) discovered in coding dreams?
80% of dream reports involved negative emotions.
Most dreams involve people that we know.
