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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Our moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment is called

A

consciousness

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2
Q

Selective attention refers to the process that focuses awareness on some stimuli to

A

the exclusion of others

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3
Q

An electroencephalograph (EEG) is an example of a

A

physiological measures

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4
Q

Consciousness is considered dynamic and ever-changing because

A

people drift between states of consciousness throughout the day

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5
Q

The most common method for studying consciousness is

A

self-report

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6
Q

True or false: Physiological measures can tell us what a person is experiencing subjectively.

A

false

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7
Q

An electroencephalograph (EEG) can be used to identify the different stages of

A

sleep

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8
Q

Although behavioural measures are objective, they still require us to

A

infer the person’s state of mind

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9
Q

Consciousness is considered self reflective because

A

the mind is aware of its own consciousness

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10
Q

The rouge test is an example of a

A

behavioural measure fo conciousness

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11
Q

The correspondence between bodily processes and mental states is established by

A

physiological measures

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12
Q

The three levels of awareness are

A

the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind

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13
Q

Events that cannot be brought into conscious awareness under ordinary circumstances are called

A

unconscious mental events

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14
Q

Which of the following groups of researchers were the FIRST to criticize Freud’s work?

A

Behaviourists

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15
Q

According to cognitive psychologists, the conscious use of attention and effort is called

A

controlled processing.

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16
Q

Some activities involve

__________ processing which occurs without conscious awareness or effort.

A

automatic

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17
Q

Thoughts and perceptions that we are currently aware of are called

A

conscious mental events

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18
Q

Freud’s notion of unconscious influence

A

has been supported by modern research

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19
Q

According to cognitive psychologists, the performance of a task without conscious awareness is called

A

automatic processing

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20
Q

Which type of processing is MOST flexible?

A

controlled processing

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21
Q

In the study conducted by Chartrand et al., it was found that the participants who were exposed to positive nouns experienced

A

more positive emotions

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22
Q

Visual agnosia is an

__________ to visually recognize objects.

A

inability

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23
Q

Which type of processing increases our chances of finding new ways to approach problems?

A

controlled

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24
Q

Automatic processing facilitates

___________attention which allows us to attend to and perform more than one activity at the same time.

A

divided

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25
Q

The visual pathway linked to memory and emotion is

A

consciously accessible

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26
Q

A rare condition in which an individual is perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field but respond to some visual stimulus is known as

A

blindsight

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27
Q

Neuroscientists conceptualize the mind as a
__________ workspace where a collection of largely separate but interacting information-processing modules perform tasks in parallel and somewhat independently but with crosstalk.

A

global

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28
Q

An inability to visually recognize objects is called

A

visual agnosia

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29
Q

Every 24 hours our bodily functions undergo rhythmic changes that affect our alertness and ready our passage back and forth between waking consciousness and sleep. This process is called the

A

circadian rhythm

30
Q

Which of the following is the regulator of the circadian rhythms?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

31
Q

Research suggests that there are ____ main visual pathways in the brain.

A

2

32
Q

Candice has left-hemisphere brain damage, consequently she is blind in the right half of her visual field. Most likely, Candice has a rare condition called

A

blindsight

33
Q

Which of the following applies to the concept of consciousness as a global workspace?

A

Consciousness is the unified activity of multiple modules in different areas of the brain.

34
Q

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

A

A person’s temperature changes, certain hormones are secreted and other bodily changes occur over a 24-hour period

35
Q

Melatonin is

A

a hormone with a relaxing effect on the body

36
Q

Most circadian rhythms are regulated by the _______ nuclei.

A

suprachiasmatic

37
Q

In experimental situations where people have been kept in darkness, most participants drifted into a natural wake-sleep cycle, called a free-________ circadian rhythm that is longer than 24 hours.

A

running

38
Q

A rare condition in which an individual is perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field but respond to some visual stimulus is known as_______

A

blindsight

39
Q

According to Smith’s research, individuals from regions with _____ climates exhibit more morningness than students from those with climates with the opposite weather pattern.

A

warmer

40
Q

Neuroscientists conceptualize the mind as a _________workspace where a collection of largely separate but interacting information-processing modules perform tasks in parallel and somewhat independently but with crosstalk.

A

global

41
Q

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that has a relaxing effect on the body is

A

melatonin

42
Q

The term_________affective disorder describes a cyclic tendency to become psychologically depressed during certain times of the year.

A

seasonal

43
Q

According to Smith, students from which of the following countries are MORE likely to take morning classes?

A

India, Columbia, Spain

44
Q

How much of a typical person’s life is spent asleep?

A

1/3

45
Q

As a person enters stage 2 of sleep, their brain-wave pattern consists of

A

sleep spindles

46
Q

People experience less jet lag when flying _____ than when flying ____.

A

west;east

47
Q

True or false: Circadian rhythms do not regulate sleep directly.

A

true

48
Q

Theta waves are best described as _____ relative to alpha waves.

A

slower

49
Q

Delta waves occur during

A

stage 3 and 4

50
Q

The cycle of sleep stages is

A

1-2-3-4-3-2

51
Q

What is the physiological arousal level during REM sleep?

A

The same as daytime levels

52
Q

Which of the following is an example of REM sleep paralysis?

A

Muscles twitch, but in effect the person is paralyzed and unable to move.

53
Q

Each cycle through the sleep stages takes about ______ minutes

A

90

54
Q

REM sleep_______________ is a state where your body is highly aroused, yet it looks like you are sleeping peacefully because there is so little movement.

A

paralysis

55
Q

Which age group averages between 7 and 8 hours of sleep per night?

A

19 to 30 year olds

56
Q

Approximately how long is a sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

57
Q

Which of the following describes the brain structures involved in falling asleep?

A

The basal forebrain

58
Q

Which age group averages just under 6 hours of sleep per night?

A

Elderly adults

59
Q

In studies on sleep deprivation, the typical sleep-deprived person functioned

A

only as well as someone in the bottom 9 percent of non-deprived participants

60
Q

Which of the following brain structures are involved in sleep?

A

The reticular formation

The pons

The primary motor cortex

61
Q

Which of the following models of sleep relates the purpose of sleep to physical and mental fatigue?

A

The restoration model

62
Q

What is the most common sleep disorder?

A

Insomnia

63
Q

Extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks that can last from less than a minute to an hour is called

A

narcolepsy.

64
Q

During which stage is sleepwalking most likely to occur?

A

Stage 3 or 4

65
Q

What percentage of adults sleepwalk?

A

5

66
Q

What is the percentage of adults who suffer from night terrors?

A

1 to 2 percent

67
Q

What percentage of children sleepwalk?

A

10 to 30 percent

68
Q

The

__________state is a transitional state from wakefulness through early stage 2 sleep. Visual hallucinations often occur.

A

hypnagogic

69
Q

Western cultures think of dreaming

A

as interesting but not significant

70
Q

Which of the following were findings that Hall and Van de Castle (1966) discovered in coding dreams?

A

80% of dream reports involved negative emotions.

Most dreams involve people that we know.

Psychology 1000 (8 decks)

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