Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 1000 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psychology is the scientific study of _______ and the mind.

A

Behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or Fales?

Psychologists make inferences about mental processes by studying observable responses.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An _________-__________ psychologist studies people in the work place?

A

Industrial-Organizational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most ________ psychologists diagnose and treat people with psychological disorders, but some also conduct research.

A

Clinical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cognitive psychology specializes in the study of ________ processes.

A

Mental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or false: Psychology is the scientific study of mental illness and psychological abnormality.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

________ is the systematic study of the natural world.

A

Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind. The term ______ refers to actions and responses that can be observed and measured directly. Thoughts and feelings must be inferred from directly observable responses and these are referred to as ______.

A

behaviours, mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The best way to understand how children interact with each other at different ages is to

A

collect empirical data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cognitive psychology maintains that the human mind works in the same way as a(n) _____.

A

informational processor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unlike in scientific observations, once our beliefs are established, we often fail to test them further because of our ________ bias.

A

conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ _______ is the study and treatment of mental disorders.

A

clinical psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
Adopting a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
 approach allows psychologists to take concrete steps to avoid or minimize biases and problems that can lead to inaccurate conclusions.
A

unbiased or empirical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which of the following subtypes of psychology specializes in the study of mental processes?

A

cognitive psych

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Science can only answer

_________ questions about the natural world.

A

testable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

________ is a process that involves systematically gathering and evaluating empirical evidence to answer questions and test beliefs about the natural world.

A

Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Empirical evidence is evidence gained through

A

experience and observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are scientific observations preferred over our own experiences and everyday observations to explain human behaviour?

A

Our own experiences may be atypical and not representative of what most people experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When Marie reads an online article for a health supplement that claims to treat depression and anxiety she wonders who wrote the article and what evidence there is to support to claim. Marie is displaying
___________ thinking.

A

critical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do psychologists use the scientific approach to avoid or minimize biases that can lead to inaccurate conclusions? (name two ways)

A
  • They use instruments such as questionnaires, videos etc… to objectively record a response
  • They observe several people + several different scientists can participate
  • They use stats
  • Use a highly controlled environment
  • Publish their findings to make them subject to be challenged by other scientists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

One limitation of _____ is that is that is can only be used to answer testable questions about the natural world.

A

Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

______ is the systematic study of the natural world.

A

Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______ _______ involves taking an active role in understanding the world around you rather than merely receiving information.

A

critical thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pseudoscience appears to look credible but is not supported by ______ ______.

A

empirical evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is applied research?

A

the use of scientific knowledge for the development of intervention programs

For specific practical problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

________ is a process that involves systematically gathering and evaluating empirical evidence to answer questions and test beliefs about the natural world.

A

Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The levels of analysis approach takes into account a person’s ________, _______ and _________.

A

Biological, environmental and psychological levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

is a field that incorporates the astrology, graphology, rumpology, and is dressed up to look like science despite its lack of credible scientific evidence.

A

pseudoscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

One of the central goals of psychology is to predict

A

human and animal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The environmental level of behavioural analysis emphasizes the effects of ______ when considering the causes of human behaviour.

A

culture and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is basic research in psychology?

A

The search for knowledge purely for its own sake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What level of analysis relates to thoughts, feelings and motives?

A

Psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

One of the central goals of psychology is to _____ behaviour to enhance _____.

A

describe; prediction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What level of analysis is a researcher studying the effect of genes on brain development using?

A

Biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The ________ level of analysis calls attention to the influence of specific stimuli around an individual.

A

environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A researcher studying a topic purely for the sake of knowledge is conducting

A

basic research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dwelling on negative thoughts can stimulate the release of stress hormones which is an example of

A

mind-body interractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which of the following are topics studied by researchers interested in nature-nurture interactions?

A

The effects of enriched versus deprived environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which ONE of the following is the BEST description of the current psychological position on nature vs. nurture?

A

they both influence eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Developmental, social, cognitive and biological are all examples of psychology’s

A

perspectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The relations between mental processes in the brain and the functioning of other bodily systems have traditionally been called

A

mind-body interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Rene Descartes held a belief known as

A

mind-body dualism

43
Q

Descartes believed that the mind is

A

a spiritual entity and not subject to the physical laws that govern the body

44
Q

Perspectives on human behaviour often change as

A

existing beliefs are challenged

45
Q

Thomas Hobbes advocated for a view known as

A

monoism

~ The idea the the mind and body are one, mind is NOT a spiritual entity

46
Q

______ _______ held that all ides and knowledge are gained through the senses,

A

British empiricism

47
Q

Why is the year 1879 an important year for the science of psychology?

A

it marked the emergence of psychology as a science, and Wundt established an experimental lab.

48
Q

Dualism implies that no amount of research on the physical body could ever hope to unravel the mysteries of the nonphysical mind.

A

true

49
Q

Wundt and Titchener’s approach, the analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements, became known as

A

structuralism

50
Q

The belief that the mind and body act as “one” was advocated by

A

Thomas Hobbes

51
Q

Which method of study was used to understand sensations, which were believed to be the basic elements of consciousness?

A

Introspection

~ the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.

52
Q

The school of thought that held that psychology should study the functions of consciousness rather than its structure was

A

functionalism

53
Q

Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879?

A

Wundt

54
Q

Who influenced structuralism?

A

Wundt and Titchener

55
Q

What did William James advocate for?

A

Functionalism

56
Q

In Wilhelm Wundt’s laboratory in the 1800s, a structuralist graduate assistant is asked to “look within” and describe what he was tasting. The best description of this is

A

Introspection

57
Q

What is psychoanalysis and who came up with is?

A

Sigmund Freud

The analysis of internal (unconscious) psychological forces

58
Q

______ was a perspective that held that psychology should study the purposes of consciousness rather than the structure of consciousness.

A

functionalism

59
Q

The ______ perspective searches for the causes of behaviour within the inner workings of the self and emphasizes unconscious processes.

A

psychodynamic

60
Q

What is free association and who came up with it?

A

Freud

randomly expressing thoughts that come to mind to get some view of the subconscious.

61
Q

During a therapy session, June has remembered that she was molested as a young girl by an uncle. Prior to this session, she had no recollection of the event. June’s experience is an example of

A

a person confronting an internal, unconscious conflict

62
Q

Repression is a defence mechanism that prevents us from remembering what?

A

unpleasant feelings and memories

63
Q

Freud’s theory can be seen as beneficial, even if it is untestable, because

A

it lead to research on mental disorders

64
Q

What does the Behavioral Perspective focus on?

A

the environments in governing our actions.

65
Q

Freud thought that the role of unconscious defence mechanisms was

A

to cope with anxiety

66
Q

What perspective has its roots in the philosophical school of British empiricism.

A

behavioural

67
Q

Ivan Pavlov discovered how _____ occurs when events are associated with each other while he was conducting research using _____.

A

learning; dogs

68
Q

Who was the founder of behaviourism and said that people are the products of their learning experiences?

A

Watson

69
Q

True or false: A behaviourist believes that the proper subject of psychology is not observable behaviour but the inner states, like motives or feelings, that lead to behaviours.

A

False

70
Q

Which perspective is MOST closely associated with the term tabula rasa?

A

Behavioral

Means “blank slate”

71
Q

Early behaviourists include _____, ______, and ______

A

Watson, Pavlov and Skinner

72
Q

Manipulating the environmental factors to decrease problem behaviours or increase positive behaviours is a technique called

A

behaviour modification

73
Q

Who was the founder of behaviourism and said that people are the products of their learning experiences?

A

Watson

74
Q

Cognitive behaviourism proposed the following influences on behaviour

A

our thoughts

learning experiences

the environment

our expectations

75
Q

Cognitive Behaviourism differed from the original behaviourist approach in that it included

A

experiences that affected thoughts and expectations, which could then influence behaviour

the central tenets of cognitive behaviourism are both thought and behaviour.

76
Q

Which concept did Maslow create that addressed a person’s fullest potential?

A

Self-actualization

77
Q

who is associated with cognitive behaviourism?

A

Albert Bandura

78
Q

what perspective emphasizes free will and personal growth.

A

humanist

79
Q

what theorists was a central figure in the humanistic perspective?

A

Abraham Maslow

80
Q

Cognitive behaviourism proposed the following influences on behaviour

A

our thoughts

the environment

learning experiences

our expectations

81
Q

Not separating the sensory parts of an experience from the whole experience is an example of

A

Gestalt psychology

82
Q

The study of memory and attention was inspired by the invention of the

A

computer

83
Q

Interest in cognitive processes became of increased interest to scientists when they were designing displays for pilots fighting in

A

WWII

84
Q

The sociocultural perspective maintains that

A

the human is a social being embedded in a culture

85
Q

Noam Chomsky argued that

A

children are biologically “preprogrammed” to learn language

86
Q

explain Individualism

A

stresses individual goals and the rights of the individual person.

87
Q

explain collectivism

A

Focuses on group goals, what is best for the collective group, and personal relationships

88
Q

Which type of culture emphasizes a person’s individual goals being focused on satisfying their cultural group’s needs first?

A

collectivist

89
Q

Behavioural neuroscience is also called

A

physiological psychology

90
Q

Karl Lashley’s research on rats, along with his measurement of surgically produced lesions, has led to

A

a better understanding of how to study the functions of different regions of the brain

91
Q

The field that studies the relationship between how a person acts and that person’s biological inheritance is

A

behaviour genetics

92
Q

Who greatly influenced behavioural neuroscience with his research on rats?

A

Karl Lashley

93
Q

Which group of individuals is MOST important to the study of behaviour genetics?

A

Twins

94
Q

A pioneering theory describing connections between nerve cells that eventually led to the discovery of neurotransmitters was made by which of the following researchers?

A

Donald O. Hebb

95
Q

How did Darwin’s theory of evolution influence the field of psychology?

A

Evolutionary theory emphasised biological adaptation to the environment.

96
Q

What is sociobiology?

A

holds that complex social behaviours are built into the human species as products of evolution.

97
Q

A person’s psychology is related to the theory of evolution by his or her

A

biology

98
Q

What is the field of evolutionary psych

A

a growing discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behaviour.

99
Q

According to evolutionary theory, survival of the human species most relies upon

A

adaptations to new environments

100
Q

Which of the following is the largest individual psychological organization in the world?

  • American Psychological Society
  • International Union of Psychological Science
  • American Medical Association
  • American Medical Association
A

American Medical Association

101
Q

The field of psychology is best served if its focus is on

A

empirical observation

102
Q

Is the need for understanding the role of cultural factors in behavior increasing, decreasing or staying the same?

A

increasing

103
Q

What theory is David Buss associated with?

A

Evelutionairy

Psychology 1000 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions