Chapter 3 Flashcards
Specialized cells, called ______ are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
neurons
The cell body is called the
soma
What part of the neuron contains the biochemical structures needed to keep the neuron alive, and also carries the genetic information that determines how the cell develops and functions?
Cell body
Which part of the neuron gets its name for the Greek word for branch?
Dendrites
A typical neuron will have only one
axon
What are the three main parts of the neuron?
Axon
Cell body
Dendrites
______ cells are support cells that surround neurons and do not transmit nerve impulses.
glial
The nucleus of a neuron is located in the
soma
The ______ is where the genetic material, or DNA, is found.
cell body
The ________ carries chemical information from the neighbouring neurons to the cell body.
dendrite
The dendrite receives information from a neighbouring neuron in ________
form, and the axon transmits the same information in _______
form.
chemical, electrical
the ______-______ barrier prevents toxins from entering the brain.
blood brain
What part of the neuron contains the biochemical structures needed to keep the neuron alive, and also carries the genetic information that determines how the cell develops and functions?
cell body
At rest, a neuron has more ____ ions outside, and more _____ ions inside.
Na+, K+
Which part of the neuron gets its name for the Greek word for branch?
Dendrites
Which part of the neuron carries information in an electrical form?
axon
_____ cells are support cells that surround neurons and do not transmit nerve impulses.
glial
The walls of the blood-brain barrier are covered with a special type of ______ cell.
glial
The neuron is similar to a battery in that it produces ________ impulses
electrical
A neuron at rest has an internal difference of _______.
70mv
Which part of the neuron receives chemical messages from the neighbouring neurons?
dendrite
True or false: At rest a neuron is positively charged
false
A typical neuron will have only one
axon
The electrical shift, which lasts about a millisecond is called the _______
_______ or nerve impulse.
action potential
Which of the following are functions of the glial cells?
Transmitting nerve impulses
An action potential is created when ______ charged sodium ions flow into a neuron.
positively
What are the important functions of neurons in the human body?
Generate electricity
Release chemicals
At rest, a neuron has more ____ ions outside, and more _____ ions inside.
Na+, K+
At rest, a neuron is said to be in a state of ______
polarization
Action potentials occur in
axons
When the internal voltage differential of a neuron changes from -70 mV to +40 mV, ____________ has been initiated.
action potential
After an impulse passes a point along the axon, there is a recovery period as the K+ ions flow out of the interior. This is known as the absolute ______
period.
refractory
A neuron is not excitable during the ______ ______ period
absolute refractory
When an action potential is established, the interior of a neuron is ________ in relation to the outside of the neuron.
+40 mV
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence.
According to the ______-_____-______ law, either an action potential will be initiated at a uniform and maximum intensity, or it will not be initiated at all.
Listen to the complete question
all-or-nothing
A neuron at rest has an internal difference of _______.
70 mV
A whitish, fatty insulation layer that covers the axon is called the ______ _____
myelin sheath
What is the key mechanism that causes the action potential?
The action of sodium and potassium ion channels in the cell membrane
The nodes of Ranvier allow for _____ conduction in the axon.
quicker
If the changes in the negative resting potential do not reach the -50 mV action potential threshold, they are called ________ potentials.
graded
The nodes of Ranvier are locations on the axon where _______ is thin or absent.
myelin
The tragic effects of damage to the myelin coating can be seen in people who suffer from _____.
multiple sclerosis
Action potentials occur in
axons
For communication to occur between neurons, _______ need to flow from one neuron to another.
impulses
The synaptic space assists in
communication between neurons
The myelin sheath of the axon is interrupted at regular intervals by
the nodes of Ranvier
Neurotransmitters carry messages across the
synapse
Neurotransmitters are stored in _____
synaptic vesicles.
Multiple sclerosis occurs when the immune system attacks the ______ ______ that surrounds and insulates neurons
myelin sheath
To move from presynaptic neuron to post-synaptic neuron, the neurotransmitters have to cross the
synaptic space
Chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse are called
neurotransmitters
An inhibitory neurotransmitter causes
positive potassium ions to flow out of the neuron
negative chloride ions from the exterior to flow into the neuron
Chambers within the axon terminals where transmitter molecules are stored are called _______ ________
synaptic vesicles
Uncontrolled firing of neurons in the nervous system causes _______
seizures
True or false: Receptor sites are large protein molecules embedded to the receiving neuron’s cell membrane
true
Once a neurotransmitter molecule binds to its receptor, it continues to excite or inhibit the neuron until it is deactivated or shut off. This occurs in two ways which are
reuptake
breakdown of chemical components
For communication to occur between neurons, _______ need to flow from one neuron to another.
neurotransmitters
______ messages increase the likelihood of an action potential in neighbouring neurons.
excitatory
An inhibitory neurotransmitter makes it (more/less) ______ likely that an action potential will be produced in neighbouring neurons.
less
_______ are caused by uncontrolled firing of neurons in the nervous system.
seizures
_______ of neurotransmitters has occurred when the transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminals.
reuptake
______ is the process by which a released neurotransmitter is taken back by the neuron.
reuptake
An undersupply of _________ can result in depression, while an oversupply can result in stress and panic.
norepinephrine
When an excitatory neurotransmitter is released it _____ the receiving neuron’s cell membrane.
depolarizes
When a neuron is depolarized by a neurotransmitter it is _____ likely to fire.
more
Glutamate is an ______ neurotransmitter.
excitatory
A deactivation mechanism called ________ describes the process whereby the transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminals.
reuptake
GABA is MOST closely associated with
benzodiazepines
Which of the following neurotransmitters has an influence on learning, memory, wakefulness, and eating?
Norepinephrine
When sodium ions flood into the cell, what process has taken place in the neuron?
Depolarization
GABA is an ______ neurotransmitter.
inhibitory
The neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is involved in what?
memory, motor function, behavioral inhibition
major function of GABA?
It is an inhibitory transmitter in the motor system.
_______ is the process by which a released neurotransmitter is taken back by the neuron.
reuptake
Toxins formed by the botulinum bacteria blocks the release of ______ from the axon terminal, resulting in a potentially fatal paralysis of the muscles, including those of the respiratory system.
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is associated with producing “happy” feelings?
Dopamine
An undersupply of _______ is related to memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease.
acetylcholine
Antipsychotic drugs attach to _____ receptors and prevent the reuptake of this neurotransmitter.
dopamine
The neurotransmitter _______ is involved in muscle activity and memory.
acetylcholine
Which of the following disorders are related to the malfunctioning of the neurotransmitter serotonin?
Depression, sleeping, and eating disorders
GABA is MOST closely associated with
benzodiazepines
Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood and arousal?
Serotonin
Blocking the release of _____ in the brain causes paralysis.
acetylcholine
An undersupply of _______ can result in hypersensitivity to pain and immune problems.
endorphins
An oversupply of ______ is associated with schizophrenia
dopamine
The neurotransmitter ______ inhibits the transmission of pain.
endorphin
The neurotransmitter that is most implicated in Parkinson’s disease and depression is an under-supply of
dopamine
Neuromodulators have an influence on
synaptic transmission
Depression, sleeping, and eating disorders have all been linked to issues with the neurotransmitter _______
serotonin
A _______ neuron carries input from the sensory organs to the spinal cord and brain.
sensory
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in depression?
serotonin
_______ neurons carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.
sensory
AN oversupply of _____ can result in insensitivity to pain
endorphin
Endorphins are MOST closely associated with
pain relief
