Chapter 5 Flashcards
Which of the following are true of synesthesia?
It involves mixing of the senses.
It is rare.
How does sensation occur?
The sense organs translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses and then send them to the brain.
What is the process organisms use to interpret and assign meaning to the world?
Perception
Which sensory process is the sensory detection process used by our organs to respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that get sent to the brain?
Sensation
The sensory process begins with information received from a
stimulus
The conversion of energy from one form to another form is called
Transduction
Dr. Lenz is a researcher in the field of
___________and is studying the relationship between physical stimulation and subjective perception.
psychophysics
Which sensory process is the sensory detection process used to “make” sense of what we are experiencing?
Perception
What are the two kinds of sensitivity that the field of psychophysics is concerned with?
The absolute limits of sensitivity
Differences between stimuli
Sensation becomes perception from the reception and translation of physical impulses into a(n)
nerve impulse
The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is called
absolute threshold
The process where characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is called
transduction
The scientific area of _________
studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities.
psychophysics
A(n) ______ stimulus is one that is so weak or brief that it can be received by the senses but not consciously perceived.
Subliminal
Signal
__________ theory is concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgments.
detection
If someone can detect the light from a candle 30 kms away at least half of the time, this is an example of
Absolute Threshold
Consumer behaviour _____ be controlled by subliminal stimuli.
cannot
The just noticeable difference value for weights is a Weber fraction of approximately
1/50
The theory that is concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgments is
signal detection theory
Paul jumps into the river to go swimming. At first the water is so cold he starts shivering. Over time he yells to his friends to come on in the water feels great. This is an example of
sensory adaptation
Which law states that the difference threshold or jnd, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made?
Weber’s law
Images projected directly on the
________ appear for a time in their entirety and then vanish and reappear as parts of the original stimulus.
retina
Weber’s fraction for detecting differences in the loudness of a sound is
1/20
The name ROY G BIV lists the colours in the visible spectrum from the
highest in wavelength to the lowest
Pritchard’s study on adaptation consisted of researching
stabilized images on the retina
The elastic structure in the eye that enables us to see distant or near objects is called the
Lens
What is the normal stimulus for vision?
Electromagnetic energy
Bright light causes the
__________ to constrict.
pupil
The pupil’s size is controlled by muscles in the
iris
How are light waves measured?
nanometers
If a person’s lens is not thick enough and the image is focused on a point behind the retina, the person most likely suffers from
hyperopia
Low levels of illumination cause the _____ of the eye to dilate.
Pupil
Another name for farsightedness is
hyperopia
Light waves enter the eye through a transparent protective structure at the front of the eye called the
cornea
Which part of the eye has a focus similar to the camera?
Lens
Cones are located in the
Fovea
Myopia and hyperopia both affect the ability to
See clearly
Playing action video games has been found to
Improve eyesight
The part of the eye that contains rods and cones is the
retina
The colour receptors in the retina are referred to as
cones
The photoreceptors that are primarily black-and-white brightness receptors are the
rods
Rods and cones synapse with which of the following cells?
Bipolar cells
Visual
________ is greatest when the image projects directly on the fovea.
acuity
The optic nerve formed by the axons of the ganglion cells exits through the back of the eye not far from the fovea, producing a(n)
blind spot
Rods and cones in the retina translate
_________ energy into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called photopigments.
electromagnetic
Photopigments are involved in
translating light waves by way of protein molecules
Bipolar cells synapse with which of the following cells?
Ganglion cells
Which cells contribute the most to blind spots?
Ganglion cells
Rods and cones in the retina translate light waves into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called
photopigments
The progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination is called
dark adaptation
During dark adaptation, the______
take more time to adapt than the _____
rods, cones
According to the text, how many hue variations can the human eye see?
7.5 million
The ability to see fine detail is known as visual _____
acuity
Identify the colours that comprise the basis of the trichromatic theory of vision.
green, red, blue
When you have a(n)
___________colour mixture, all the colours combine to form black.
subtractive
_____ of the eye contributes the most to dark adaptation.
Photo pigment molecules
Which of the following posed a problem from the trichromatic theory of colour vision?
afterimages
Which theory suggests that colour vision results from activation of red/green, blue/yellow and black/white sensitive cells?
Hering’s opponent-process theory
The main properties of a colour is called its
hue
According to the _____________, there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, those that are maximally responsive to green, to blue and to red wavelengths of light.
trichromatic theory
The dual-process theory combines elements from which two other theories?
Opponent-process theory
Trichromatic theory
When you have a(n)
_________colour mixture, all the colours combine to form white.
additive
Jayne shines red, blue and green lights on the same spot. The result will be ____ light.
white
One problem with the
________ _______ theory is it doesn’t include retinal cones in its explanation of colour vision.
opponent process
Lacey is completely colour-blind. She is considered to be a
monochromat
Most common sounds are in which type of frequencies?
lower
One hertz equals how many cycles per second?
one
True or false: Sound waves are a form of mechanical energy.
True
The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.
pitch
The vertical size of sound waves is referred to as
amplitude
The number of sound waves, or cycles, per second is called
frequency
How is amplitude measured?
In decibels
Which of the following is the definition of pitch?
The frequency of a sound.
The measure of physical pressures that occur on the eardrum are called
decibels
The designated absolute threshold for hearing is
0 decibels
Amplitude is measured in
decibels
True or false: The vibrating of the malleus, incus, and stapes amplifies sound more than 60 times.
False
The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.
pitch
What is a function of the middle ear?
It amplifies sound vibrations.
Which of the following is the definition of pitch?
The frequency of a sound.
A sound’s ________
is the primary determinant of perceived loudness.
amplitude
What are 3 structures of the middle ear?
Hammer
Stirrup
Anvil
The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.
pitch
The cochlea, the basilar membrane, and the organ of corti are located in the
inner ear
The coiled, snail-shaped tube that contains the basilar membrane is called the _____.
cochela
Which membrane runs the length of the cochlea?
Basilar membrane
Which of the following are structures of the inner ear?
Oval window
Basilar membrane
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
Basilar membrane
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
The auditory nerve sends impulses through the thalamus to the auditor
cortex
The part of the inner ear that rests on the basilar membrane is called the
Organ of Corti
The loudness we experience is the result of both the rate of firing in the axons of the auditory nerve and the specific hair cells that are
sending messages
The vibration of fluid inside the cochlea and the bending of hair cells in the organ of Corti demonstrates which of the following?
Sound passing through the middle and inner ear structures
The place theory of pitch perception suggests that the location of peak vibrations on the
__________determine what frequency is perceived.
cochlea
What causes the auditory nerve to fire at a higher rate when presented with louder sounds?
The presence of more neurotransmitters
According to the frequency theory of pitch perception, nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the ________ ________
sound wave
The understanding of the auditory cortex having a tonal-frequency map that corresponds to specific areas of the cochlea was theorized by
Georg von Bekesy
Hearing loss resulting from problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea is called
conduction deafness
Sean had his eardrum punctured which resulted in
conduction deafness
Hearing loss resulting from damaged receptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve itself is called
nerve deafness.
Taste buds are chemical receptors concentrated along the ______ and ______ surfaces of the tounge.
edges and back
Which of the following are the chemical senses?
Gustation
Olfaction
What is the taste sensation that increases the intensity of other taste qualities called?
Umami
The human tongue has approximately ______ taste buds.
9000
Evolutionary theorists point to the adaptive nature of the sense of taste by citing that many poisonous substances in nature have _____ tastes
bitter
The
_______bulb is a forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity.
olfactory
The two major body senses are ______ with receptors in the nerve endings in the muscles, tendons, and joints, and ______ with receptors in the inner ear.
kinesthesia, equilibrium
The largest organ in the body is the
skin
Pressure, pain, warmth, and cold are examples of the four
tactile senses.
Primary receptors for pain and temperature are _______ and receptors for touch and light pressure are ______.
free nerve endings, basket cell fibres
Menstrual synchrony, the tendency for women living together to have similar menstrual cycles, may be due to
pheromones
The primary receptors for pain and temperature in the skin are the
________nerve endings, simple cells beneath the skin’s surface that resemble bare tree branches.
free
Which of the following are skin and body senses?
Touch
Gustation
Kinesthesis
Olfaction
Equilibrium
Touch
Kinesthesis
Equilibrium
Research conducted by Katz and Melzack (1990) found that even when a limb had been lost due to some unforeseen event, the person could still feel pain in it. This experience is an example of
phantom-limb pain
The four tactile senses include pressure, pain, warmth and
cold
Free nerve endings respond to intense mechanical, thermal or
______stimulation.
chemical
The theory proposing that the experience of pain results from the opening and closing of gating mechanisms in the nervous system is called
gate control theory
Which brain region sends pain information to the somatosensory and frontal regions of the brain?
Thalamus
Hormones that help to control pain by inhibiting the release of some neurotransmitters are called
endorphins
Which mechanisms help to explain why acupuncture helps to reduce pain?
Endorphin mechanisms
Identify all the body regions that have pain receptors.
Brain
Head hair
Eyeballs
Bones
Living teeth
Eyeballs
Living teeth
Endorphins help to control pain because they inhibit the release of some
neurotransmitters
The understanding of a person’s body orientation, or equilibrium, is called the
vestibular sense
__________ interprets sensory information in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations.
Top-down processing
Frank can focus on certain stimuli while he is filtering out incoming information. This example describes
attention
Which perceptual process takes in individual elements of the stimulus and then combines them into a unified perception?
Bottom-up processing
A driver who is listening closely to a podcast while driving may fail to see a car braking in front of them because of ________ ________
inattentional blindness
Which of the following stimulus characteristics attract our attention?
Blues and greens
Pastel colours
Repetition
Movement
Novelty
Repetition
Movement
Novelty
The
_________ sense provides information about balance and movement.
vestibular
The failure of unattended stimuli to register into consciousness is called
inattentional blindness
Which of the following are the gestalt principles of organization?
Proximity
Hue
Saturation
Closure
Similarity
Proximity
Closure
Similarity
If you are hungry and see an ad on television for a big juicy hamburger, you will most likely notice it. This is an example of
how our motives and interests influence the stimuli we attend to
The tendency to organize stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a background is called
figure-ground.
The school of psychology that emphasizes that people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns is called
Gestalt psychology
A perceptual schema is the mental representation or image containing the distinctive features of a(n)
person, object, event, or other perceptual phenomenon
The
_______ cube is an optical illusion where the orientation of a drawing of a cube appears to switch.
necker
The ______ includes the principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Gestalt perspective
A perceptual set consists of the readiness to perceive a stimulus in
a particular way.
Which of the following is consistent with the Gestalt law of similarity?
Objects that are similar in shape, size or colour tend to be grouped together.
The Necker cube changes before your eyes because your nervous system is trying out a new
perceptual hypothesis
The fact that wherever you sit in the movie theater, the picture on the screen does not appear distorted is an example of
shape constancy
What are the three types of perceptual constancy?
Brightness constancy
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Texture constancy
Depth constancy
Brightness constancy
Size constancy
Shape constancy
What type of depth cue is an artist mostly dependent upon when they paint on a flat surface?
Monocular depth cues
Fraser’s spiral illustrates the Gestalt law of
continuity
Linear perspective is an example of a(n)
_________depth cue.
monocular
Diane perceives an office tower as being far away in part because of another office tower that appears in front of it. This is an example of the monocular depth cue
interposition
One of the monocular depth cues is
________for example, it is easier to see nearby hills better than those farther away.
clarity
When you see two objects that you know are similar in size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away. This is an example of
the monocular depth cue of relative size
The perception that parallel lines converge or angle toward one another as they recede into the distance is known as
linear perspective
When you look at a field of boulders, you know that some of them are closer to you because they partially block your view of the boulders that are farther away. In this example you are using the monocular cue of
_______to judge distance.
interposition
When we are moving, close objects appear to be moving faster and in the opposite direction of far away objects because of _______ ________
motion parallax
Convergence depth cues require
eyes looking inward
3-D movies make use of the principles of
binocular disparity
The perception of movement is a complex process, sometimes requiring the brain to integrate information from several different
senses
Binocular depth cues require
both eyes
When each eye sees a slightly different image it is called
binocular disparity
Stroboscopic movement is also known as the
________phenomenon.
phi
Illusory movement produced when a light is briefly flashed in darkness, and then, a few milliseconds later, another light is flashed nearby is the definition for
stroboscopic movement
One’s analysis of perceptual schemas, hypotheses, sets and constancies allows us to experience the phenomena known as a(n)
illusion
What are the major influences on perceptual constancies?
Context or surroundings
In the
_______ illusion, distance cues create size illusions.
ponzo
An illusion consists of a person’s analysis of
perceptual schemas, hypotheses, sets, and constancies
The Ponzo illusion occurs because of which of the following depth cues?
linear perspective
In the Ponzo illusion, depth cues of ______ and ______ provide distance cues that affect size perception and disrupt size.
height of the horizontal plane
linear perspective
The Ames room illusion occurs because of a breakdown_________constancy.
size
Experiments by Gibson and Walk (1960) involved a
______ ________ a glass-covered table with a drop off beneath the glass which neither infants nor young animals would cross.
visual cliff
The BaMbuti pygmy Kenge believed that the buffalo was an insect due to a failure in
size constancy
The study of restricted stimulation and restored vision illustrate the role of
_______ _______ in perceptual development.
critcal periods
What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate?
The role of both innate depth perception and previous experience
Which of the following is an example of the influence of culture on perception?
Food preferences
What has been found in research studying people whose visual capabilities have been restored?
No amount of subsequent experience could make up for their lack of visual experience during the critical period of childhood.
Which of the following suggest that biology and experience interact in complex ways in regard to visual capacity?
Animal studies concerning deprivation
Cross-cultural perceptual differences
Observations of visual restoration
