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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following are true of synesthesia?

A

It involves mixing of the senses.

It is rare.

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2
Q

How does sensation occur?

A

The sense organs translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses and then send them to the brain.

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3
Q

What is the process organisms use to interpret and assign meaning to the world?

A

Perception

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4
Q

Which sensory process is the sensory detection process used by our organs to respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that get sent to the brain?

A

Sensation

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5
Q

The sensory process begins with information received from a

A

stimulus

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6
Q

The conversion of energy from one form to another form is called

A

Transduction

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7
Q

Dr. Lenz is a researcher in the field of

___________and is studying the relationship between physical stimulation and subjective perception.

A

psychophysics

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8
Q

Which sensory process is the sensory detection process used to “make” sense of what we are experiencing?

A

Perception

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9
Q

What are the two kinds of sensitivity that the field of psychophysics is concerned with?

A

The absolute limits of sensitivity

Differences between stimuli

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10
Q

Sensation becomes perception from the reception and translation of physical impulses into a(n)

A

nerve impulse

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11
Q

The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is called

A

absolute threshold

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12
Q

The process where characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is called

A

transduction

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13
Q

The scientific area of _________

studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities.

A

psychophysics

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14
Q

A(n) ______ stimulus is one that is so weak or brief that it can be received by the senses but not consciously perceived.

A

Subliminal

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15
Q

Signal

__________ theory is concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgments.

A

detection

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16
Q

If someone can detect the light from a candle 30 kms away at least half of the time, this is an example of

A

Absolute Threshold

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17
Q

Consumer behaviour _____ be controlled by subliminal stimuli.

A

cannot

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18
Q

The just noticeable difference value for weights is a Weber fraction of approximately

A

1/50

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19
Q

The theory that is concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgments is

A

signal detection theory

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20
Q

Paul jumps into the river to go swimming. At first the water is so cold he starts shivering. Over time he yells to his friends to come on in the water feels great. This is an example of

A

sensory adaptation

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21
Q

Which law states that the difference threshold or jnd, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made?

A

Weber’s law

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22
Q

Images projected directly on the

________ appear for a time in their entirety and then vanish and reappear as parts of the original stimulus.

A

retina

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23
Q

Weber’s fraction for detecting differences in the loudness of a sound is

A

1/20

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24
Q

The name ROY G BIV lists the colours in the visible spectrum from the

A

highest in wavelength to the lowest

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25
Q

Pritchard’s study on adaptation consisted of researching

A

stabilized images on the retina

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26
Q

The elastic structure in the eye that enables us to see distant or near objects is called the

A

Lens

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27
Q

What is the normal stimulus for vision?

A

Electromagnetic energy

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28
Q

Bright light causes the

__________ to constrict.

A

pupil

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29
Q

The pupil’s size is controlled by muscles in the

A

iris

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30
Q

How are light waves measured?

A

nanometers

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31
Q

If a person’s lens is not thick enough and the image is focused on a point behind the retina, the person most likely suffers from

A

hyperopia

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32
Q

Low levels of illumination cause the _____ of the eye to dilate.

A

Pupil

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33
Q

Another name for farsightedness is

A

hyperopia

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34
Q

Light waves enter the eye through a transparent protective structure at the front of the eye called the

A

cornea

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35
Q

Which part of the eye has a focus similar to the camera?

A

Lens

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36
Q

Cones are located in the

A

Fovea

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37
Q

Myopia and hyperopia both affect the ability to

A

See clearly

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38
Q

Playing action video games has been found to

A

Improve eyesight

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39
Q

The part of the eye that contains rods and cones is the

A

retina

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40
Q

The colour receptors in the retina are referred to as

A

cones

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41
Q

The photoreceptors that are primarily black-and-white brightness receptors are the

A

rods

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42
Q

Rods and cones synapse with which of the following cells?

A

Bipolar cells

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43
Q

Visual

________ is greatest when the image projects directly on the fovea.

A

acuity

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44
Q

The optic nerve formed by the axons of the ganglion cells exits through the back of the eye not far from the fovea, producing a(n)

A

blind spot

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45
Q

Rods and cones in the retina translate

_________ energy into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called photopigments.

A

electromagnetic

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46
Q

Photopigments are involved in

A

translating light waves by way of protein molecules

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47
Q

Bipolar cells synapse with which of the following cells?

A

Ganglion cells

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48
Q

Which cells contribute the most to blind spots?

A

Ganglion cells

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49
Q

Rods and cones in the retina translate light waves into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called

A

photopigments

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50
Q

The progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination is called

A

dark adaptation

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51
Q

During dark adaptation, the______

take more time to adapt than the _____

A

rods, cones

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52
Q

According to the text, how many hue variations can the human eye see?

A

7.5 million

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53
Q

The ability to see fine detail is known as visual _____

A

acuity

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54
Q

Identify the colours that comprise the basis of the trichromatic theory of vision.

A

green, red, blue

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55
Q

When you have a(n)

___________colour mixture, all the colours combine to form black.

A

subtractive

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56
Q

_____ of the eye contributes the most to dark adaptation.

A

Photo pigment molecules

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57
Q

Which of the following posed a problem from the trichromatic theory of colour vision?

A

afterimages

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58
Q

Which theory suggests that colour vision results from activation of red/green, blue/yellow and black/white sensitive cells?

A

Hering’s opponent-process theory

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59
Q

The main properties of a colour is called its

A

hue

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60
Q

According to the _____________, there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, those that are maximally responsive to green, to blue and to red wavelengths of light.

A

trichromatic theory

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61
Q

The dual-process theory combines elements from which two other theories?

A

Opponent-process theory

Trichromatic theory

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62
Q

When you have a(n)

_________colour mixture, all the colours combine to form white.

A

additive

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63
Q

Jayne shines red, blue and green lights on the same spot. The result will be ____ light.

A

white

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64
Q

One problem with the

________ _______ theory is it doesn’t include retinal cones in its explanation of colour vision.

A

opponent process

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65
Q

Lacey is completely colour-blind. She is considered to be a

A

monochromat

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66
Q

Most common sounds are in which type of frequencies?

A

lower

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67
Q

One hertz equals how many cycles per second?

A

one

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68
Q

True or false: Sound waves are a form of mechanical energy.

A

True

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69
Q

The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.

A

pitch

70
Q

The vertical size of sound waves is referred to as

A

amplitude

71
Q

The number of sound waves, or cycles, per second is called

A

frequency

72
Q

How is amplitude measured?

A

In decibels

73
Q

Which of the following is the definition of pitch?

A

The frequency of a sound.

74
Q

The measure of physical pressures that occur on the eardrum are called

A

decibels

75
Q

The designated absolute threshold for hearing is

A

0 decibels

76
Q

Amplitude is measured in

A

decibels

77
Q

True or false: The vibrating of the malleus, incus, and stapes amplifies sound more than 60 times.

A

False

78
Q

The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.

A

pitch

79
Q

What is a function of the middle ear?

A

It amplifies sound vibrations.

80
Q

Which of the following is the definition of pitch?

A

The frequency of a sound.

81
Q

A sound’s ________

is the primary determinant of perceived loudness.

A

amplitude

82
Q

What are 3 structures of the middle ear?

A

Hammer

Stirrup

Anvil

83
Q

The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.

A

pitch

84
Q

The cochlea, the basilar membrane, and the organ of corti are located in the

A

inner ear

85
Q

The coiled, snail-shaped tube that contains the basilar membrane is called the _____.

A

cochela

86
Q

Which membrane runs the length of the cochlea?

A

Basilar membrane

87
Q

Which of the following are structures of the inner ear?
Oval window

Basilar membrane

Cochlea

Organ of Corti

Hammer

Anvil

Stirrup

A

Basilar membrane

Cochlea

Organ of Corti

88
Q

The auditory nerve sends impulses through the thalamus to the auditor

A

cortex

89
Q

The part of the inner ear that rests on the basilar membrane is called the

A

Organ of Corti

90
Q

The loudness we experience is the result of both the rate of firing in the axons of the auditory nerve and the specific hair cells that are

A

sending messages

91
Q

The vibration of fluid inside the cochlea and the bending of hair cells in the organ of Corti demonstrates which of the following?

A

Sound passing through the middle and inner ear structures

92
Q

The place theory of pitch perception suggests that the location of peak vibrations on the
__________determine what frequency is perceived.

A

cochlea

93
Q

What causes the auditory nerve to fire at a higher rate when presented with louder sounds?

A

The presence of more neurotransmitters

94
Q

According to the frequency theory of pitch perception, nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the ________ ________

A

sound wave

95
Q

The understanding of the auditory cortex having a tonal-frequency map that corresponds to specific areas of the cochlea was theorized by

A

Georg von Bekesy

96
Q

Hearing loss resulting from problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea is called

A

conduction deafness

97
Q

Sean had his eardrum punctured which resulted in

A

conduction deafness

98
Q

Hearing loss resulting from damaged receptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve itself is called

A

nerve deafness.

99
Q

Taste buds are chemical receptors concentrated along the ______ and ______ surfaces of the tounge.

A

edges and back

100
Q

Which of the following are the chemical senses?

A

Gustation

Olfaction

101
Q

What is the taste sensation that increases the intensity of other taste qualities called?

A

Umami

102
Q

The human tongue has approximately ______ taste buds.

A

9000

103
Q

Evolutionary theorists point to the adaptive nature of the sense of taste by citing that many poisonous substances in nature have _____ tastes

A

bitter

104
Q

The

_______bulb is a forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity.

A

olfactory

105
Q

The two major body senses are ______ with receptors in the nerve endings in the muscles, tendons, and joints, and ______ with receptors in the inner ear.

A

kinesthesia, equilibrium

106
Q

The largest organ in the body is the

A

skin

107
Q

Pressure, pain, warmth, and cold are examples of the four

A

tactile senses.

108
Q

Primary receptors for pain and temperature are _______ and receptors for touch and light pressure are ______.

A

free nerve endings, basket cell fibres

109
Q

Menstrual synchrony, the tendency for women living together to have similar menstrual cycles, may be due to

A

pheromones

110
Q

The primary receptors for pain and temperature in the skin are the
________nerve endings, simple cells beneath the skin’s surface that resemble bare tree branches.

A

free

111
Q

Which of the following are skin and body senses?
Touch

Gustation

Kinesthesis

Olfaction

Equilibrium

A

Touch

Kinesthesis

Equilibrium

112
Q

Research conducted by Katz and Melzack (1990) found that even when a limb had been lost due to some unforeseen event, the person could still feel pain in it. This experience is an example of

A

phantom-limb pain

113
Q

The four tactile senses include pressure, pain, warmth and

A

cold

114
Q

Free nerve endings respond to intense mechanical, thermal or
______stimulation.

A

chemical

115
Q

The theory proposing that the experience of pain results from the opening and closing of gating mechanisms in the nervous system is called

A

gate control theory

116
Q

Which brain region sends pain information to the somatosensory and frontal regions of the brain?

A

Thalamus

117
Q

Hormones that help to control pain by inhibiting the release of some neurotransmitters are called

A

endorphins

118
Q

Which mechanisms help to explain why acupuncture helps to reduce pain?

A

Endorphin mechanisms

119
Q

Identify all the body regions that have pain receptors.

Brain

Head hair

Eyeballs

Bones

Living teeth

A

Eyeballs

Living teeth

120
Q

Endorphins help to control pain because they inhibit the release of some

A

neurotransmitters

121
Q

The understanding of a person’s body orientation, or equilibrium, is called the

A

vestibular sense

122
Q

__________ interprets sensory information in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations.

A

Top-down processing

123
Q

Frank can focus on certain stimuli while he is filtering out incoming information. This example describes

A

attention

124
Q

Which perceptual process takes in individual elements of the stimulus and then combines them into a unified perception?

A

Bottom-up processing

125
Q

A driver who is listening closely to a podcast while driving may fail to see a car braking in front of them because of ________ ________

A

inattentional blindness

126
Q

Which of the following stimulus characteristics attract our attention?

Blues and greens

Pastel colours

Repetition

Movement

Novelty

A

Repetition

Movement

Novelty

127
Q

The

_________ sense provides information about balance and movement.

A

vestibular

128
Q

The failure of unattended stimuli to register into consciousness is called

A

inattentional blindness

129
Q

Which of the following are the gestalt principles of organization?

Proximity

Hue

Saturation

Closure

Similarity

A

Proximity

Closure

Similarity

130
Q

If you are hungry and see an ad on television for a big juicy hamburger, you will most likely notice it. This is an example of

A

how our motives and interests influence the stimuli we attend to

131
Q

The tendency to organize stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a background is called

A

figure-ground.

132
Q

The school of psychology that emphasizes that people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns is called

A

Gestalt psychology

133
Q

A perceptual schema is the mental representation or image containing the distinctive features of a(n)

A

person, object, event, or other perceptual phenomenon

134
Q

The

_______ cube is an optical illusion where the orientation of a drawing of a cube appears to switch.

A

necker

135
Q

The ______ includes the principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

A

Gestalt perspective

136
Q

A perceptual set consists of the readiness to perceive a stimulus in

A

a particular way.

137
Q

Which of the following is consistent with the Gestalt law of similarity?

A

Objects that are similar in shape, size or colour tend to be grouped together.

138
Q

The Necker cube changes before your eyes because your nervous system is trying out a new

A

perceptual hypothesis

139
Q

The fact that wherever you sit in the movie theater, the picture on the screen does not appear distorted is an example of

A

shape constancy

140
Q

What are the three types of perceptual constancy?

Brightness constancy

Size constancy

Shape constancy

Texture constancy

Depth constancy

A

Brightness constancy

Size constancy

Shape constancy

141
Q

What type of depth cue is an artist mostly dependent upon when they paint on a flat surface?

A

Monocular depth cues

142
Q

Fraser’s spiral illustrates the Gestalt law of

A

continuity

143
Q

Linear perspective is an example of a(n)

_________depth cue.

A

monocular

144
Q

Diane perceives an office tower as being far away in part because of another office tower that appears in front of it. This is an example of the monocular depth cue

A

interposition

145
Q

One of the monocular depth cues is

________for example, it is easier to see nearby hills better than those farther away.

A

clarity

146
Q

When you see two objects that you know are similar in size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away. This is an example of

A

the monocular depth cue of relative size

147
Q

The perception that parallel lines converge or angle toward one another as they recede into the distance is known as

A

linear perspective

148
Q

When you look at a field of boulders, you know that some of them are closer to you because they partially block your view of the boulders that are farther away. In this example you are using the monocular cue of
_______to judge distance.

A

interposition

149
Q

When we are moving, close objects appear to be moving faster and in the opposite direction of far away objects because of _______ ________

A

motion parallax

150
Q

Convergence depth cues require

A

eyes looking inward

151
Q

3-D movies make use of the principles of

A

binocular disparity

152
Q

The perception of movement is a complex process, sometimes requiring the brain to integrate information from several different

A

senses

153
Q

Binocular depth cues require

A

both eyes

154
Q

When each eye sees a slightly different image it is called

A

binocular disparity

155
Q

Stroboscopic movement is also known as the

________phenomenon.

A

phi

156
Q

Illusory movement produced when a light is briefly flashed in darkness, and then, a few milliseconds later, another light is flashed nearby is the definition for

A

stroboscopic movement

157
Q

One’s analysis of perceptual schemas, hypotheses, sets and constancies allows us to experience the phenomena known as a(n)

A

illusion

158
Q

What are the major influences on perceptual constancies?

A

Context or surroundings

159
Q

In the

_______ illusion, distance cues create size illusions.

A

ponzo

160
Q

An illusion consists of a person’s analysis of

A

perceptual schemas, hypotheses, sets, and constancies

161
Q

The Ponzo illusion occurs because of which of the following depth cues?

A

linear perspective

162
Q

In the Ponzo illusion, depth cues of ______ and ______ provide distance cues that affect size perception and disrupt size.

A

height of the horizontal plane

linear perspective

163
Q

The Ames room illusion occurs because of a breakdown_________constancy.

A

size

164
Q

Experiments by Gibson and Walk (1960) involved a
______ ________ a glass-covered table with a drop off beneath the glass which neither infants nor young animals would cross.

A

visual cliff

165
Q

The BaMbuti pygmy Kenge believed that the buffalo was an insect due to a failure in

A

size constancy

166
Q

The study of restricted stimulation and restored vision illustrate the role of
_______ _______ in perceptual development.

A

critcal periods

167
Q

What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate?

A

The role of both innate depth perception and previous experience

168
Q

Which of the following is an example of the influence of culture on perception?

A

Food preferences

169
Q

What has been found in research studying people whose visual capabilities have been restored?

A

No amount of subsequent experience could make up for their lack of visual experience during the critical period of childhood.

170
Q

Which of the following suggest that biology and experience interact in complex ways in regard to visual capacity?

A

Animal studies concerning deprivation

Cross-cultural perceptual differences

Observations of visual restoration

Psychology 1000 (8 decks)

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