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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following are the necessary components of scientific investigation?

A

inquiry, open mindedness, skepticism

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2
Q

When following the scientific process, what does someone do immediately AFTER they have formed a hypothesis?

A

Test the hypothesis in an experiment.

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3
Q

A _____ is a specific prediction about a phenomenon.

A

hypothesis

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4
Q

How do theories compare to hypotheses?

A

Theories are broader than hypotheses.

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5
Q

The hindsight bias gives the impression that psychology is just ______ because after-the-fact explanations for almost any result are easy to arrive at.

A

common sense

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6
Q

What is the first step in the scientific process?

A

Identify a question of interest.

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7
Q

What is a good theory?

A

incorporates existing facts and observations within a single broad framework.

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8
Q

What is a variable

A

any characteristic or factor that can vary.

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9
Q

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A

hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been completed for the sake of testing. A theory on the other hand is a principle set to explain phenomena already supported by data.

Plus a theory is much broader

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10
Q

The notion that the simplest theory is usually the correct one is known as the law of _________ or Occam’s razor.

A

Parsimony

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11
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

A variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it. They translate abstract concepts into something observable and measurable.

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12
Q

_______-_______ measures are used to ask individuals about their own knowledge, attitudes, feelings, experiences, or behaviour.

A

self report

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13
Q

The speed with which a person responds to a stimulus is known as

A

reaction time

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14
Q

What kind of measure involves recording what people are experiencing, such as their heart-rate, blood pressure and so on?

A

Physiological measure

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15
Q

The tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than according to how one truly feels or behaves is known as which of the following?

A

Social desirability bias

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16
Q

What does it mean when researchers measure overt behaviour?

A

It means that the behaviour is directly observable

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17
Q

When observations are consistent, such as when two observers watching the same behaviour consistently agree, we can determine that it is _______

A

reliable

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18
Q

What is an unobtrusive measure?

A

recording behavior without participants knowing

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19
Q

Psychologists use ________

measures to gather information about behaviour from already existing records and documents.

A

archival

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20
Q

What does it mean when researchers measure overt behaviour?

A

It means that the behaviour is directly observable.

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21
Q

What is the MAIN advantages of using multiple measures of a variable instead of a single type of measure?

A

It provides a more complete picture.

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22
Q

In psychology, ______ research seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave, particularly in natural settings.

A

descriptive

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23
Q

An in-depth analysis of an individual, group or event is known as a

A

case study

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24
Q

Dr. Moreno is doing neuropsychological testing. Which of the following best describes the type of measurement technique Dr. Moreno is using?

A

Psychological testing

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25
Q

Heart rate and hormonal secretions are both examples of

A

physiological measures

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26
Q

using _____ measures of a variable yields a more complete picture than using a single type of measure

A

multiple

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27
Q

Case studies and natural observation are both examples of ______ research methods.

A

descriptive

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28
Q

Name a limitation of the case study

A

it cannot be used to determine cause and effect relationships

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29
Q

A personality test and an IQ test are both examples of

A

psychological tests

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30
Q

A potential drawback of case study research concerns ______

: Will the principles uncovered in a case study hold true for other people in other situation.

A

Generalization

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31
Q

Naturalistic observation involves the study of

A

naturally occurring behaviour.

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32
Q

Which of the following are examples of psychological tests that measure variables?

A

Cognitive and personality assessment

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33
Q

A researcher observes primary school children while they are playing. This is an example of

A

naturalistic observation.

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34
Q

Heart rate and hormonal secretions are both examples of

A

physiological measures

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35
Q

What are some disadvantages to naturalistic observation?

A

There may be bias in interpretation.

Observers may inadvertently influence participants.

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36
Q

What is considered to be the major limitation of a case study?

A

It is a poor method for determining cause-and-effect.

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37
Q

Political polls are an examples of _____ research.

A

survey

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38
Q

A key component in survey research is the ______, which is defined as all the individuals that we are interested in drawing a conclusion about.

A

population

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39
Q

One disadvantage to
_________ observation is that the human observer may inadvertently influence the participants being studied because of his/her presence.

A

naturalistic

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40
Q

True or false: A representative sample is one that reflects the important characteristics of the population.

A

true

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41
Q

A _____ sample is one that reflects the important characteristics of the population.

A

representative

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42
Q

What is a population vs. a sample?

A

A population consists of all the individuals about whom we are interested in drawing a conclusion

A sample is a subset of individuals from the larger population of interest.

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43
Q

A procedure where a population is divided into subgroups based on characteristics like gender and ethnic identity is _______ _______ sampling.

A

stratified random

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44
Q

True or false: The point of getting a representative sample is that we can be quite confident but not certain that the findings closely portray the population as a whole.

A

true

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45
Q

True or false: The strongest advantage of survey research is that we can be confident that the findings closely portray the population as a whole if a representative sample is used.

A

True

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46
Q

When every member of a population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate in a survey, this procedure is known as

A

random sampling

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47
Q

The strongest advantage of survey research is

A

it is an efficient way to collect data.

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48
Q

A disadvantage of survey research is that it relies on ______-_________ which can be distorted by social desirability bias.

A

self-reports

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49
Q

Dr. Cuczek is studying the impact of breastfeeding on attachment style in infants. Her SAMPLE will be which of the following?

A

The babies in her research study

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50
Q

With a _______ sample, each member of the population has a equal opportunity of being chosen to participate in a survey.

A

random

51
Q

A procedure where a population is divided into subgroups based on characteristics like gender and ethnic identity is _____ random sampling.

A

stratified

52
Q

Professor Chen has determined that there is a relationship between scores on an anxiety scale and the number of worries a person reports having in day to day life. Professor Chen has performed _____ research.

A

correlational

53
Q

True or false: The strongest advantage of survey research is that we can be confident that the findings closely portray the population as a whole if a representative sample is used.

A

true

54
Q

Bidirectionality is an issue in _______ research

A

correlation

55
Q

Statistically determining whether two variables are related can be done by conducting what type of research?

A

Correlation

56
Q

Which of the following is not one of the interpretive problems encountered in correlation research?

  • The bidirectionality problem
  • The third-variable problem
  • The statistical bias problem
  • The problem of spuriousness
A

The statistical bias problem

57
Q

A researcher determines there is a relationship between academic success and self-esteem. However, he can not show if the academic success actually decreases or increases self-esteem. This is an example of _________ research.

A

correlational

58
Q

What is the correlational coefficient?

A

A statistic that indicates the direction and strength of a relation between two variables

59
Q

Researchers have found a relationship between variable X and variable Y. The interpretive problem in correlational research is that we don’t know if X influences Y or Y influences X. This illustrates

A

the bi-directionality problem

60
Q

A perfect positive correlation would be expressed as

A

+1.00

61
Q

A correlation with a coefficient of .89 is an example of a _____ correlation.

A

positive

62
Q

A statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables is know as the correlation ________.

A

coefficient

63
Q

According to the ______-_______ problem, Z varies and causes X and Y to change in unison.

A

third variable

64
Q

A statistic that indicates the direction and the strength of the relationship between two variables and ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 is

A

a correlation coefficient

65
Q

True or false: A negative correlation occurs when higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable.

A

true

66
Q

When more ice cream is consumed, there are more drownings. This is an example of a _______ correlation

A

a positive correlation

67
Q

People who are high in job satisfaction leave their jobs less often than people who are low in job satisfaction. This exemplifies which type of correlation?

A

negative

68
Q

A negative correlation occurs when ______ scores on one variable are associated with ______ scores on a second variable.

A

higher, lower

69
Q

A _______ correlation means that X and Y are not related statistically. Thus, there is no relationship between the variables.

A

zero

70
Q

A ______ depicts the correlation between variables. There is a horizontal axis and a vertical one.

A

scatterplot

71
Q

Which type of research can BEST establish whether relations found in the laboratory generalize to the outside world?

  • experimental
  • case study
  • correlational
A

correlational

72
Q

When two variables are predictably related, we can estimate a person’s score on one variable. This is how ________ data allows us to make predictions.

A

correlational

73
Q

Which correlation coefficients indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables?

A

0.00

74
Q

What is a powerful tool for examining cause-and-effect relationships?

A

an experiment

75
Q

True or false: A positive correlation means that higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable.

A

false

76
Q

A ______ is most often used to depict the correlation between variables.

A

scatterplot

77
Q

A most powerful tool for determining cause-and-effect is the

A

experiment

78
Q

The factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is known as

A

the independent variable

79
Q

The effect factor that is measured by the experimenter is known as the

A

dependent variable

80
Q

Cause-and-effect can be determined best with the use of a(n) _______

A

experiment

81
Q

An experimenter manipulates the ______ variable and measures the -_______ variable

A

independent. dependent

82
Q

The group that receives a treatment or an active level of the independent variable is known as

A

the experimental group

83
Q

The ________ variable is the variable the experimenter can manipulate or control in an experiment.

A

independent

84
Q

What is the purpose of the control group?

A

To provide a standard of behaviour to which the experimental group can be compared.

85
Q

An ________ variable must have at least two levels.

A

independent

86
Q

A common experimental design where each group in the experiment is composed of a different set of participants is called a

A

between groups design

87
Q

The ________ group is not exposed to the treatment or receives a zero-level of the independent variable.

A

control

88
Q

A _________ assignment ensures that at the start of a study, the groups in an experiment are equivalent.

A

random

89
Q

When each participant is exposed to all the conditions of an independent variable it is called a ______ _______, or a within subjects design.

A

repeated measures

90
Q

________ is a procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the others.

A

counterbalancing

91
Q

What is a powerful tool for examining cause-and-effect relationships?

A

An experiment

92
Q

______ assignment is a procedure in which participants have an equal chance of being assigned to groups within an experiment, thereby balancing differences across experimental and control groups.

A

random

93
Q

When each participant is exposed to all the conditions of an independent variable it is called a ______ ______ or repeated measures design.

A

within subjects

94
Q

An interaction occurs when one ______ variable has a different effect depending on the level of another ______ variable

A

independent, dependent

95
Q

A researcher studying memory makes sure that each of the three conditions in her experiment occurs first, second, and third and equal number of times across participants. The researcher is using ______ so that no one condition will have an advantage over the others.

A

counterbalancing

96
Q

________ refers to how well an experimental procedure tests what it is designed to test.

A

validity

97
Q

Researchers can better capture the complexities of real life by manipulating at lest two _______ ________ in their experiments

A

independent variables

98
Q

The effect factor that is measured by the experimenter is known as the

A

dependent variable

99
Q

The procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being placed in the control or experimental groups in an experiment is called

A

random assignment

100
Q

The degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions is called

A

internal validity

101
Q

When one independent variable has a different effect on different levels of another independent variable it is called a(n)

A

interaction

102
Q

When two variables are intertwined and it is impossible to determine which has influenced a dependent variable then _______ of variables has occurred.

A

confounding

103
Q

When an experimental procedure tests what it is designed to test it is called

A

validity

104
Q

What are the advantages of manipulating two independent variables in the same experiment?

A

It is easier to observe interactions.

It may better capture the complexity of real life.

It may be more efficient.

105
Q

What refers to a substance that has no pharmacological effect?

A

Placebo

106
Q

________ refers to how well an experimental procedure tests what it is designed to test.

A

Validity

107
Q

How does a placebo effect decrease internal validity?

A

By providing an alternative explanation for why responses change after exposure to a treatment

108
Q

Explain the the experimenter expectancy effect

A

When a researcher’s expectations about the findings of his or her research are inadvertently conveyed to participants and influence their responses.

109
Q

In a _________-________ procedure neither the experimenter nor the participants knows what treatment group the participants has been assigned to.

A

double blind

110
Q

Generalizability is reflected in an experiment’s

A

external validity.

111
Q

A placebo effect presents a threat to

A

internal

112
Q

The process of repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated is

A

replication

113
Q

Experimenters typically have a commitment to the hypothesis they are testing and they may inadvertently influence experimental participants to respond in a hypothesis consistent manner. This is

A

the experimenter expectancy effect.

114
Q

When researchers combine the results of different studies it is called a ____-_______.

A

meta-analysis

115
Q

_______ refers to how well an experimental procedure tests what it is designed to test.

A

validity

116
Q

A researcher is conducting a study to see if he will get the same results with participants from Mexico as he did when his participants were from Canada. The research is conducting a(n) _______-_______ replication.

A

cross cultural

117
Q

The ____________ procedure is one in which both participants and experimenters are unaware as to which participants are in which experimental conditions.

A

double-blind

118
Q

_______ review boards are required at all universities to review research proposals that may have ethical issues.

A

ethics

119
Q

The principle of _______ consent strongly emphasizes the importance of explaining all aspects of a procedure and ensuring that the procedure is understood.

A

informed

120
Q

When researchers combine the results of different studies it is called a ____-_______

A

meta-analysis

121
Q

The purpose of debriefing is to

A

explain the true purpose of the study to participants after it is over

122
Q

Animals are involved in approximately ______ percent of psychology studies in Canada.

A

7-8

123
Q

The purpose of deception is to

A

obtain natural spontaneous responses from participants

124
Q

When deception is used, _______ must occur after the study is complete. This is to explain to the participants the true purpose of the study.

A

debriefing

Psychology 1000 (8 decks)

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