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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of physical development, including development of the nervous system, is directed by ______.

A

Genes

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2
Q

Which figure from ancient Greece speculated that semen contained some sort of formulation for offspring?

A

Hippocrates

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3
Q

Heredity must involve the passing on of specific “organic factors,” not a simple blending of the parents’ characteristics. This best describe which of the follow experiments?

A

Mendel’s

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4
Q

The specific genetic makeup of a person is his or her ____

A

Genotype

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5
Q

Geneticists use the term

phenotype_______ to describe a person’s observable characteristics.

A

Phenotype

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6
Q

Both a person’s _______ and their environment influence their behaviour.

A

genes

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7
Q

The term ______ describes the specific genetic makeup of the person; the term ______ describes the person’s observable characteristics.

A

Genotype, Phenotype

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8
Q

What did Gregor Mendel use to explore genetics?

A

Garden Peas

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9
Q

Who first demonstrated that heredity involves the passing on of specific organic characteristics?

A

Mendel

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10
Q

A person’s specific genetic make up is his or her

A

Genotype

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11
Q

An individual’s observable characteristics that can be affected both by other genes and by the environment is the ______.

A

Phenotype

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12
Q

True or false: Chromosomes consist of two long, twisted strands of DNA, the chemical that carries genetic information.

A

True

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13
Q

The DNA portion of the chromosome carries the _____.

A

Genes

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14
Q

A typical somatic cell has _____pairs of chromosomes within it.

A

23

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15
Q

How many chromosomes are in a sex cell?

A

23

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16
Q

A double stranded, tightly coiled molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a _________

A

chromosome

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17
Q

Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics are called
_________

A

Alleles

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18
Q

Which of the following is true of DNA?

DNA transmits instructions for cellular functioning.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA is an alternative form of a gene.

DNA is made up of chromosomes

A

DNA transmits instructions for cellular functioning.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.

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19
Q

Genes code for the production of

A

proteins

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20
Q

How many chromosomes are in a regular cell?

A

46

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21
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human egg or sperm cell?

A

23

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22
Q

If a gene is

_______the characteristics it controls will be displayed.

A

dominant

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23
Q

When a number of gene pairs combine their influences to create a single phenotypic trait it is known as polygenic________

A

Transmission

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24
Q

The term
_________ was first used to described lasting changes that were not due to genetic changes, but rather to changes around the genes.

A

epigentics

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25
Q

A study described in your text involved creating a stressful environment for rat pups and then examining their brain structures later on. What brain structures appeared affected by early stressful experiences?

A

Hippocampus and Amygadala

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26
Q

The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to _____.

A

map the DNA of the human organism

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27
Q

Dark eye colour is an example of a(n)

______trait in humans.

A

Dominant

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28
Q

A(n)
________DNA procedure involves using enzymes to cut the long threadlike molecules of genetic DNA into pieces and combine them with DNA from other organisms.

A

recombinant

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29
Q

A
________procedure is used in experimental genetic manipulation to eliminate a particular function of a gene and then make observations.

A

knockout

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30
Q

A study described in your text involved creating a stressful environment for rat pups and then examining their brain structures later on. What differentiated the high stress condition in this experiment from the other groups?

A

Lack of beding material

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31
Q

The field of behaviour genetics focuses on how hereditary and environmental factors combine to influence
________characteristics.

A

psychological

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32
Q

Which project was started in 1990 by geneticists to map the DNA of the human organism?

A

the Human Genome Project

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33
Q

A __________ coefficient estimates the extent to which variation in a specific phenotypic characteristic within a group of people can be attributed to their differing genes.

A

heritability

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34
Q

Heritability estimates are higher when the people included in the research are more

A

similar to one another

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35
Q

The term”concordance rate”is used to describe _____.

A

trait similarity in identical and fraternal twins

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36
Q

The field of behaviour genetics studies genetic similarities through which of the following type of research methods?

A

Adoption, family, and twin studies

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37
Q

The field of
_______ _______ examines the relationship between heredity and environmental factors and how they influence psychological characteristics.

A

behavioural genetics

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38
Q

One statistical technique researchers use to estimate the extent to which differences among people are due to genetic differences is called a _____.

A

heritability coefficient

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39
Q

Heritability estimates are lower when the people included in the research are more

A

different from one another

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40
Q

Which of the following is true of adoption study research?

People who were adopted early in life are compared with their adoptive parents on some characteristic.

People who were adopted early in life are compared with their biological parents on some characteristic.

People who were adopted early in life are evaluated in terms of psychological adjustment.

A

People who were adopted early in life are compared with their adoptive parents on some characteristic.

People who were adopted early in life are compared with their biological parents on some characteristic.

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41
Q

In twins studies, behaviour geneticists can compare trait similarity between identical and fraternal twins by studying _____________ rates.

A

Concordance

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42
Q

What are the findings from research on adopted children in regard to psychological characteristics?

It appears that environment is more powerful in psychological characteristics in adoptive children.

Adopted children more closely resemble their biological parents than their adoptive ones.

There appears to be no genetic component to psychological characteristics in adoptive children.

Adopted children more closely resemble their adoptive parents than their biological ones.

A

Adopted children more closely resemble their biological parents than their adoptive ones.

43
Q

Twins studies compare trait similarities in
______ and ________
twins

A

identical and fraternal

44
Q

Monozygotic twins differ from dizygotic twins in that they

develop from two fertilized eggs

develop from the same fertilized egg

share only 50% of their genetic endowment

are called identical twins.

share 100% of their genetic endowment

A

develop from the same fertilized egg

are called identical twins.

share 100% of their genetic endowment

45
Q

What is the role of genetics and the environment in human characteristics?

A

Genes and the environment both influence intelligence and personality.

46
Q

The correlation in intelligence among siblings reared together is

A

.45

47
Q

The correlations in intelligence among identical twins raised together is

A

.86

48
Q

Adopted men tend to show patterns of criminal behaviour that are MOST like

A

their biological father’s

49
Q

Two children of equal intellectual potential may have differences in I.Q.’s as great as 15 to 20 points if one is raised in an impoverished environment and the other in an enriched environment. This is an example of how gene expression is influenced by the _______

A

environment

50
Q

Of the many psychological factors,
_________ and
________seem to both be affected by gene-environment interactions.

A

intelligence and personality

51
Q

The correlation in intelligence among nonidentical or fraternal twins raised together is

A

.57

52
Q

The ________

range means that a person inherits upper and lower limits for a personality characteristic.

A

Reaction

53
Q

True or false: The correlation in intelligence for identical twins raised together is very similar to the correlation for identical twins raised apart. This is a powerful argument for the importance of genetic factors.

A

True

54
Q

True or false: Intellectual growth depends only on genetic endowment.

A

False

55
Q

The intelligence correlation between adoptive parents and adopted children is

A

.19

56
Q

A change from a low- to a high-SES environment typically leads to _____.

A

a 10 point increase in IQ

57
Q

High or low environmental stress can be responsible for turning on or off genes that regulate the production of stress hormones. This is an example of how

polygenic effects can be knocked in

dominant genes can be knocked out

recessive genes can be expressed

gene expression is influenced by the environment

A

gene expression is influenced by the environment

58
Q

What is the role of genetics and the environment in human characteristics?

A

Genes and the environment both influence intelligence and personality.

59
Q

True or false: The reaction range for a genetically influenced trait is the range of possibilities that the genetic code allows.

A

True

60
Q

What did Costa and McCrae believe about individual differences in personality?

A

Differences in personality can be accounted for by variation along five broad personality dimensions.

61
Q

What are the limitations of genetic ranges?

A

We do not know if their sizes differ from one person to another.

They cannot be measured directly.

62
Q

Which Big Five personality traits reflects whether a person is helpful or antagonistic?

A

Agreeableness

63
Q

Which of the Big Five personality traits has been found to have a heritability estimate of about .57?

A

Openness

64
Q

Which of the findings were from the Minnesota Twin Study?

A

Twins raised together and apart did not differ in their degree of personality similarity.

65
Q

What are the Big Five Personality Traits?

A

Agreableness .42

Openness to Experience .57

Conscientiousness

Nueroticism

Extraversion-Inrtoversion

66
Q

Which of the following have been found to have a significant genetic component?

Equality

Time spent on internet

Athleticism

Attitudes toward the preservation of life

A

Equality

Athleticism

Attitudes toward the preservation of life

67
Q

The results from the Minnesota twin study suggest that family variables such as emotional climate and affluence have________

A

little influence on personality

68
Q

True or false: Humans are born with biologically based mechanisms that enable them to learn, remember, speak a language, respond with universal emotions.

A

True

69
Q

Which Big Five personality traits reflects whether a person is imaginative or lacking curiosity?

A

Openness

70
Q

The heritability coefficients for attitude towards books, riding roller coasters, and sports are ALL_______

A

over 0.5

71
Q

True or false: Evolution represents an interaction between biological and environmental factors.

A

True

72
Q

Evolutionary psychologists study how behaviours evolve through the process of ______ _______

A

Natural Selection

73
Q

A ________ is a random event or accident in gene reproduction during the division of cells.

A

Mutation

74
Q

The term used to describe a change over time in the frequency with which particular genes – and the characteristics they produce – occur within an interbreeding population is ____________

A

Evolution

75
Q

Neutral variations that appear in populations over time are referred to as evolutionary _________

A

Noise

76
Q

Evolution represents an interaction between biological and environmental factors.

T or F?

A

True

77
Q

A _______ is a physical or behavioural change that allows organisms to meet recurring environmental challenges to their survival and increases reproductive success.

A

Adaptation

78
Q

Which hominid had a brain capacity range of 450 to 650 cubic centimeters?

A

Australopithecus

79
Q

One theory of evolution is
___________ locomotion. The hypothesis is that, by freeing the hands, tools and weapons could be used. Hunting and avoiding predators fostered social organization, specialized social roles and language development.

A

bipedal

80
Q

__________nature is the expression of inborn biological tendencies that have evolved through natural selection.

A

Human

81
Q

Human evolutionary development put new pressures on many parts of the body but the most pressure was on the structures of the ________

A

Brain

82
Q

How much did the human brain size increase due to evolutionary pressure from Australopithecus to the Neandertal?

A

Tripled

83
Q

An approach called

________ personality theory asks about the origins of personality traits.

A

evolutionary

84
Q

Triver’s theory predicts that you are more likely to observe polygyny when females of the species have _____ parental investment and male parental investment is _____.

A

High, Low

85
Q

______ ________refers to the time, effort, energy and risk associated with caring for offspring.

A

Parental Investment

86
Q

When all members of a group mate with all other members of the group it is referred to as______

A

polygynandry

87
Q

What were the components of Buss’ research that was re-evaluated by Eagly and Wood?

A

Buss sent out questionnaires to over 10,000 people from 37 cultures.

88
Q

Which hominid had a brain capacity range of 900 cubic centimeters?

A

homo erectus

89
Q

In regions of the world with high pathogen levels, women put the MOST emphasis on _____ when selecting a mate.

A

attractiveness

90
Q

When one male mates with many females it is referred to as ________

A

polygyny

91
Q

Polyandry

A

One female mates with many males

92
Q

polygynandry

A

all members of a group mate with all members of the group

93
Q

polygyny

A

one male mates with many females

94
Q

monogamy

A

parents stay together and parental investment is high and equal

95
Q

Mate preference patterns appear to be different in areas of the world with high
_________ levels, in these areas women put more emphasis on attractiveness than parental investment.

A

pathogen

96
Q

Which theory of altruism argued that altruism developed to increase survival of relatives?

A

Kin selection theory

97
Q

From an evolutionary perspective, males prefer women who are associated with

A

youth

98
Q

Which of the following is often the topic of gossip?

A

Problems with reciprocal altruism

99
Q

Which of the following is the BEST example of an evolutionary adaptation that has BOTH advantages and disadvantages?

A

Agression

100
Q

Genetic determinism

A

is a fallacy often attributed to evolutionary theory

101
Q

The term ‘social Darwinism’ was first used by

A

Herbert Spencer

102
Q

Aggression can lead to humans killing humans, so how could it have evolved through natural selection?

A

It is adaptive in some contexts

103
Q

Social Darwinism

A

a distortion of Darwinism that argues if the more fit are sucessful, then those at the top of the social and economic ladder must be most fit of all

Psychology 1000 (8 decks)

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