Chapter 4 Flashcards
The process of physical development, including development of the nervous system, is directed by ______.
Genes
Which figure from ancient Greece speculated that semen contained some sort of formulation for offspring?
Hippocrates
Heredity must involve the passing on of specific “organic factors,” not a simple blending of the parents’ characteristics. This best describe which of the follow experiments?
Mendel’s
The specific genetic makeup of a person is his or her ____
Genotype
Geneticists use the term
phenotype_______ to describe a person’s observable characteristics.
Phenotype
Both a person’s _______ and their environment influence their behaviour.
genes
The term ______ describes the specific genetic makeup of the person; the term ______ describes the person’s observable characteristics.
Genotype, Phenotype
What did Gregor Mendel use to explore genetics?
Garden Peas
Who first demonstrated that heredity involves the passing on of specific organic characteristics?
Mendel
A person’s specific genetic make up is his or her
Genotype
An individual’s observable characteristics that can be affected both by other genes and by the environment is the ______.
Phenotype
True or false: Chromosomes consist of two long, twisted strands of DNA, the chemical that carries genetic information.
True
The DNA portion of the chromosome carries the _____.
Genes
A typical somatic cell has _____pairs of chromosomes within it.
23
How many chromosomes are in a sex cell?
23
A double stranded, tightly coiled molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a _________
chromosome
Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics are called
_________
Alleles
Which of the following is true of DNA?
DNA transmits instructions for cellular functioning.
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA is an alternative form of a gene.
DNA is made up of chromosomes
DNA transmits instructions for cellular functioning.
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
Genes code for the production of
proteins
How many chromosomes are in a regular cell?
46
How many chromosomes are in a human egg or sperm cell?
23
If a gene is
_______the characteristics it controls will be displayed.
dominant
When a number of gene pairs combine their influences to create a single phenotypic trait it is known as polygenic________
Transmission
The term
_________ was first used to described lasting changes that were not due to genetic changes, but rather to changes around the genes.
epigentics
A study described in your text involved creating a stressful environment for rat pups and then examining their brain structures later on. What brain structures appeared affected by early stressful experiences?
Hippocampus and Amygadala
The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to _____.
map the DNA of the human organism
Dark eye colour is an example of a(n)
______trait in humans.
Dominant
A(n)
________DNA procedure involves using enzymes to cut the long threadlike molecules of genetic DNA into pieces and combine them with DNA from other organisms.
recombinant
A
________procedure is used in experimental genetic manipulation to eliminate a particular function of a gene and then make observations.
knockout
A study described in your text involved creating a stressful environment for rat pups and then examining their brain structures later on. What differentiated the high stress condition in this experiment from the other groups?
Lack of beding material
The field of behaviour genetics focuses on how hereditary and environmental factors combine to influence
________characteristics.
psychological
Which project was started in 1990 by geneticists to map the DNA of the human organism?
the Human Genome Project
A __________ coefficient estimates the extent to which variation in a specific phenotypic characteristic within a group of people can be attributed to their differing genes.
heritability
Heritability estimates are higher when the people included in the research are more
similar to one another
The term”concordance rate”is used to describe _____.
trait similarity in identical and fraternal twins
The field of behaviour genetics studies genetic similarities through which of the following type of research methods?
Adoption, family, and twin studies
The field of
_______ _______ examines the relationship between heredity and environmental factors and how they influence psychological characteristics.
behavioural genetics
One statistical technique researchers use to estimate the extent to which differences among people are due to genetic differences is called a _____.
heritability coefficient
Heritability estimates are lower when the people included in the research are more
different from one another
Which of the following is true of adoption study research?
People who were adopted early in life are compared with their adoptive parents on some characteristic.
People who were adopted early in life are compared with their biological parents on some characteristic.
People who were adopted early in life are evaluated in terms of psychological adjustment.
People who were adopted early in life are compared with their adoptive parents on some characteristic.
People who were adopted early in life are compared with their biological parents on some characteristic.
In twins studies, behaviour geneticists can compare trait similarity between identical and fraternal twins by studying _____________ rates.
Concordance
What are the findings from research on adopted children in regard to psychological characteristics?
It appears that environment is more powerful in psychological characteristics in adoptive children.
Adopted children more closely resemble their biological parents than their adoptive ones.
There appears to be no genetic component to psychological characteristics in adoptive children.
Adopted children more closely resemble their adoptive parents than their biological ones.
Adopted children more closely resemble their biological parents than their adoptive ones.
Twins studies compare trait similarities in
______ and ________
twins
identical and fraternal
Monozygotic twins differ from dizygotic twins in that they
develop from two fertilized eggs
develop from the same fertilized egg
share only 50% of their genetic endowment
are called identical twins.
share 100% of their genetic endowment
develop from the same fertilized egg
are called identical twins.
share 100% of their genetic endowment
What is the role of genetics and the environment in human characteristics?
Genes and the environment both influence intelligence and personality.
The correlation in intelligence among siblings reared together is
.45
The correlations in intelligence among identical twins raised together is
.86
Adopted men tend to show patterns of criminal behaviour that are MOST like
their biological father’s
Two children of equal intellectual potential may have differences in I.Q.’s as great as 15 to 20 points if one is raised in an impoverished environment and the other in an enriched environment. This is an example of how gene expression is influenced by the _______
environment
Of the many psychological factors,
_________ and
________seem to both be affected by gene-environment interactions.
intelligence and personality
The correlation in intelligence among nonidentical or fraternal twins raised together is
.57
The ________
range means that a person inherits upper and lower limits for a personality characteristic.
Reaction
True or false: The correlation in intelligence for identical twins raised together is very similar to the correlation for identical twins raised apart. This is a powerful argument for the importance of genetic factors.
True
True or false: Intellectual growth depends only on genetic endowment.
False
The intelligence correlation between adoptive parents and adopted children is
.19
A change from a low- to a high-SES environment typically leads to _____.
a 10 point increase in IQ
High or low environmental stress can be responsible for turning on or off genes that regulate the production of stress hormones. This is an example of how
polygenic effects can be knocked in
dominant genes can be knocked out
recessive genes can be expressed
gene expression is influenced by the environment
gene expression is influenced by the environment
What is the role of genetics and the environment in human characteristics?
Genes and the environment both influence intelligence and personality.
True or false: The reaction range for a genetically influenced trait is the range of possibilities that the genetic code allows.
True
What did Costa and McCrae believe about individual differences in personality?
Differences in personality can be accounted for by variation along five broad personality dimensions.
What are the limitations of genetic ranges?
We do not know if their sizes differ from one person to another.
They cannot be measured directly.
Which Big Five personality traits reflects whether a person is helpful or antagonistic?
Agreeableness
Which of the Big Five personality traits has been found to have a heritability estimate of about .57?
Openness
Which of the findings were from the Minnesota Twin Study?
Twins raised together and apart did not differ in their degree of personality similarity.
What are the Big Five Personality Traits?
Agreableness .42
Openness to Experience .57
Conscientiousness
Nueroticism
Extraversion-Inrtoversion
Which of the following have been found to have a significant genetic component?
Equality
Time spent on internet
Athleticism
Attitudes toward the preservation of life
Equality
Athleticism
Attitudes toward the preservation of life
The results from the Minnesota twin study suggest that family variables such as emotional climate and affluence have________
little influence on personality
True or false: Humans are born with biologically based mechanisms that enable them to learn, remember, speak a language, respond with universal emotions.
True
Which Big Five personality traits reflects whether a person is imaginative or lacking curiosity?
Openness
The heritability coefficients for attitude towards books, riding roller coasters, and sports are ALL_______
over 0.5
True or false: Evolution represents an interaction between biological and environmental factors.
True
Evolutionary psychologists study how behaviours evolve through the process of ______ _______
Natural Selection
A ________ is a random event or accident in gene reproduction during the division of cells.
Mutation
The term used to describe a change over time in the frequency with which particular genes – and the characteristics they produce – occur within an interbreeding population is ____________
Evolution
Neutral variations that appear in populations over time are referred to as evolutionary _________
Noise
Evolution represents an interaction between biological and environmental factors.
T or F?
True
A _______ is a physical or behavioural change that allows organisms to meet recurring environmental challenges to their survival and increases reproductive success.
Adaptation
Which hominid had a brain capacity range of 450 to 650 cubic centimeters?
Australopithecus
One theory of evolution is
___________ locomotion. The hypothesis is that, by freeing the hands, tools and weapons could be used. Hunting and avoiding predators fostered social organization, specialized social roles and language development.
bipedal
__________nature is the expression of inborn biological tendencies that have evolved through natural selection.
Human
Human evolutionary development put new pressures on many parts of the body but the most pressure was on the structures of the ________
Brain
How much did the human brain size increase due to evolutionary pressure from Australopithecus to the Neandertal?
Tripled
An approach called
________ personality theory asks about the origins of personality traits.
evolutionary
Triver’s theory predicts that you are more likely to observe polygyny when females of the species have _____ parental investment and male parental investment is _____.
High, Low
______ ________refers to the time, effort, energy and risk associated with caring for offspring.
Parental Investment
When all members of a group mate with all other members of the group it is referred to as______
polygynandry
What were the components of Buss’ research that was re-evaluated by Eagly and Wood?
Buss sent out questionnaires to over 10,000 people from 37 cultures.
Which hominid had a brain capacity range of 900 cubic centimeters?
homo erectus
In regions of the world with high pathogen levels, women put the MOST emphasis on _____ when selecting a mate.
attractiveness
When one male mates with many females it is referred to as ________
polygyny
Polyandry
One female mates with many males
polygynandry
all members of a group mate with all members of the group
polygyny
one male mates with many females
monogamy
parents stay together and parental investment is high and equal
Mate preference patterns appear to be different in areas of the world with high
_________ levels, in these areas women put more emphasis on attractiveness than parental investment.
pathogen
Which theory of altruism argued that altruism developed to increase survival of relatives?
Kin selection theory
From an evolutionary perspective, males prefer women who are associated with
youth
Which of the following is often the topic of gossip?
Problems with reciprocal altruism
Which of the following is the BEST example of an evolutionary adaptation that has BOTH advantages and disadvantages?
Agression
Genetic determinism
is a fallacy often attributed to evolutionary theory
The term ‘social Darwinism’ was first used by
Herbert Spencer
Aggression can lead to humans killing humans, so how could it have evolved through natural selection?
It is adaptive in some contexts
Social Darwinism
a distortion of Darwinism that argues if the more fit are sucessful, then those at the top of the social and economic ladder must be most fit of all
