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Child Development > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Comprehension

A

required to develop language skills; refers to understanding what others say.

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2
Q

Production

A

refers to speaking.

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3
Q

______ are combined to form words.

A

sounds.

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4
Q

_____ are combined to form senetences.

A

words

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5
Q

generativity

A

refers to the idea that we can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite number of ideas

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6
Q

phonemes

A

elementary units of meaningful sound used to produce languages

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7
Q

phonological development

A

knowledge about the sound system of a language

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8
Q

morphemes

A

smallest units of meaning in a language

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9
Q

semantic development

A

the learning of the system for expressing meaning in a language, including word learning.

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10
Q

syntax

A

rules in a language that specify how words from different categories can be combined.

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11
Q

syntactic development

A

the learning of the syntax of a language.

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12
Q

pragmatic development

A

the acquisition of knowledge about how language is used.

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13
Q

Language is

A
  • species specific

- species universal

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14
Q

species universal

A

language learning is achieved by typically developing infants across the globe.

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15
Q

species specific

A

only humans acquire language in the normal course of development.

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16
Q

Pitch detection of speech

A

is involved in the right hemisphere.

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17
Q

For_____ handed individual, language if primarily represented and controlled by their
____ hemisphere.

A

right; left

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18
Q

Broca

A

speech production

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19
Q

Wernickle

A

language development

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20
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

a syndrome in which speech production abilities are impaired.

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21
Q

Wernickle’s aphasia

A

a syndrome in which comprehension of heard speech is impaired

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22
Q

critical period for language

A

the time during which language develops readily.

  • between age 5 and puberty
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23
Q

What does research say about bilingualism?

A
  • improves aspects of cognitive functioning in childhood and beyond.
  • better measures of executive functioning & habituation.
  • greater cognitive flexibility
  • delay the onset of AD.
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24
Q

Infants show preference for _____ rather than ________.

A

speech; artificial sounds.

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25
Q

infant-directed speech (IDS)

A
  • preferred by infants.

- the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children

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26
Q

Infants learn and recognize words better when presented in ____ than ____.

A

IDS; ADS.

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27
Q

Language is acquired by

A

listening and speaking/watching and signing.

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28
Q

prosody

A

the characteristic rhythm, tempo, etc with which a language is spoken.

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29
Q

categorical perception

A

the perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories

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30
Q

speech synthesizer

A

is used to gradually and continuously change one speech sound, such as /b/, into a related one, such as /p/.

31
Q

voice onset time (VOT)

A

the length of time between when air passes through the lips and when the vocal cords start vibrating

32
Q

Young infants draw the same _____ between ______ sounds.

A

sharp distinctions; speech

33
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A
  • in speech perception happens during the first 10 to 12 months of age.
  • infants lose their ability to perceive the speech sounds that are not part of their native language by 1st birthday.
34
Q

Word segmentation

A

Figuring out where the words start and end

35
Q

Distributional properties

A

the phenomenon that in any language, certain sounds are more likely to appear together than are others.

36
Q

at what age do babies begin to coo?

A

6 - 8 weeks.

37
Q

dialogues of reciprocal cooing

A

babies vocalizations elicit responses from others.

38
Q

more responsive caregivers equals

A

more mature vocalization patterns.

39
Q

Babbling

A

repetitive consonant-vowel sequences or hand movements produced during the early phases of language development

40
Q

Communicative competence

A

the ability to communicate intentionally with another person

41
Q

reference

A

the associating of words and meaning

42
Q

Productive vocabulary

A

the words a child is able to say

43
Q

Holophrastic Period

A

the period when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time

44
Q

Overextension

A

the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate

45
Q

Children have a vocabulary of about ____ words around ___ months of age.

A

50; 18

46
Q

Adult influences on word learning

A
  • amount and quality of speech
  • parents highlighting new words
  • naming games
  • names of objects in the central vision are better learned
  • contexts in which words are used by talking adults
  • spatial consistency
47
Q

Social economic status (SES)

A

is a key determinants of langue children hear.

48
Q

Example of SES on language development

A
  • richness of communicative context also predict language attainment.
  • physical environments in which children learn language
  • peer effects
  • teacher effects
49
Q

Fast mapping

A

The process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar and the unfamiliar word.

50
Q

Mutual exclusivity principle

A

assuming a given entity have only one name.

51
Q

whole-object principle

A

children expect a novel word to refer to a whole object rather than to another aspect of the object.

52
Q

Pragmatic cues

A

Aspects of the social context used for word learning

53
Q

ex of pragmatic cies

A
  1. Adult’s focus of attention
  2. Intentionality
  3. Adult’s emotional response
  4. Linguistic context
  5. Objects shape
  6. cross-situational word learning
  7. Syntactic bootstrapping
54
Q

Intentionality

A

ex: lets “dax” mickey mouse.

- child thinks dax = see.

55
Q

Adult’s emotional response

A

ex: picking up one of two objects and showing disappointment

56
Q

Shape cue- shape bias

A

Children extend a novel noun to novel objects of the same shape, even when those objects differ dramatically in size, colour, and texture

57
Q

cross-situational word learning

A

Narrowing down the possible meanings of new words based on experience

58
Q

Syntactic bootstrapping

A

strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meaning

59
Q

By the end of ____ sentences appear

A

2nd

60
Q

Comprehension precedes

A

production.

61
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Children’s first sentences.

  • ex: drink juice
62
Q

Grammar

A

a tool for building new words and sentences.

63
Q

Generalization

A
  • nouns are made plural by addings

- verbs are put into past tense by adding ed

64
Q

Overregularization

A

Treating irregular forms of words as if they were regular

65
Q

Collective monologues

A

Egocentric conversations of young children

66
Q

Narratives

A

Descriptions of past events with basic structure of a story

67
Q

Scaffolding

A

contributes to children’s narratives by asking elaborative questions.

68
Q

Complex grammar is mastered

A

school-age children

69
Q

Approximate vocabulary achieved

A
  • 6-year-olds – 10,000 words
  • 5th-graders – 40,000 words
  • College students – 150,000 words
70
Q

Prerequisites for language acquisition are:

A
  1. ) A human brain (nature)

2. ) Experience with a human language (nurture

71
Q

Skinner (and behaviourists) favoured

A

nurture.

72
Q

Noam Chomsky proposed humans are born with:

A

Universal grammar

73
Q

Universal grammar

A

A proposed set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages

Child Development (9 decks)

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