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Child Development > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Selective placement

A

adoption agencies generally try to place children with families of the same general background.

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2
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of genes of any organism.

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3
Q

Gene synthesis

A

a method for producing DNA.

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4
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic material an individual inherits.

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behaviour.

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6
Q

Environment

A

every aspect of an individual and his or her surroundings other than genes.

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7
Q

Parents genetic contribution to the child’s genotype

A

Transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring.

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information

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9
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism.

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10
Q

Genes

A

sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things.

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11
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

the chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual’s gender.

  • presence of a Y chromosome that makes an individual male.
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12
Q

Mutation

A

a change in a section of DNA.

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13
Q

factors that promote variability among individuals.

A
  • random assortment of chromosomes

- crossing over

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14
Q

Crossing over

A

process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other

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15
Q

Endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behaviour.

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16
Q

Regulator genes

A

genes that control the activity of other genes.

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17
Q

External factors that can affect the switching on and off of genes;

A

Thalidomide → interferes with the functioning of genes underpinning normal growth factors.

Early visual experience → necessary for the normal development of the visual system.

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18
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of a gene, influencing the same trait (eye colour) but contribute to different outcomes (blue vs. brown).

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19
Q

Dominant–recessive pattern

A

(1) a person can inherit two of the same allele

or

(2) the person can inherit two different alleles

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20
Q

Dominant allele

A

the allele that, if present, gets expressed.

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21
Q

Recessive allele

A

the allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present.

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22
Q

Homozygous

A

having two of the same allele for a trait.

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23
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait.

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24
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene.

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25
Q

Norm of reaction

A

all the phenotypes that can result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop.

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26
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.

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27
Q

The effects of abusive parenting;

A

abusive treatment as a child

+

possessing a particular variant of MAOA gene

= antisocial behaviour.

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28
Q

Parental contributions to the child’s environment

A

ex: the child of a highly musical parent is likely to hear more music while growing up than are children whose parents are less musically inclined.

29
Q

How do children’s phenotype interact with their environment?

A
  1. ) actively evoke certain kinds of responses from others. Ex: shy vs. outgoing child.
  2. ) selecting surroundings and experiences that match their interests, talents, and personality characteristics.
30
Q

Child’s Environment & Child’s Genotype

A

Certain epigenetic mechanisms can alter the functioning of genes which;

  • create stable changes in gene expression.
  • changes can be passed on to next generation.
31
Q

Neurons

A

cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body.

  • 86 billion.
32
Q

Sensory neurons

A

transmit information from sensory receptors that detect stimuli in the external environment or within the body itself

33
Q

Motor neurons

A

transmit information from the brain to muscles and glands

34
Q

Inter-neurons

A

act as intermediaries between sensory and motor neurons.

35
Q

Cell body

A

a component of the neuron that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning.

36
Q

Dendrites

A

neural fibres that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses.

37
Q

Axon

A

neural fibres that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons.

38
Q

Synapses

A

microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another.

39
Q

Glial cells

A

cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions.

40
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission.

41
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • cerebral cortex (outermost layer) and subcortical structures.
  • divided into lobes.
42
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • small brain

- coordination of motor movement and balance

43
Q

Brainstem

A

regulate vital functions such as respiration, sleep cycle.

44
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

“gray matter” of the brain that plays a primary role in what is thought to be particularly human-like functioning, from seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotion.

45
Q

Sulci

A

grooves on the cerebral cortex.

  • very large sulci is called fissure.
46
Q

Gyri

A

folds/hills on the cerebral cortex.

47
Q

lobes

A

major areas of the cortex associated with general categories of behaviour.

48
Q

occipital lobe

A

the lobe of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information.

49
Q

temporal lobe

A

the lobe of the cortex that is associated with memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotion and auditory information.

50
Q

parietal lobe

A

governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory.

51
Q

frontal lobe

A

associated with organizing behaviour; the one that is thought responsible for the human ability to plan. ahead

52
Q

association areas

A

parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas and that process and integrate input from those areas.

53
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A
  • two halves of the cortex

- sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemisphere of the brain.

54
Q

corpus callosum

A

a dense tract of nerve fibres that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate.

55
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing.

56
Q

Commisure fibers

A

link the two hemispheres.

57
Q

neurogenesis

A

growth of neurons through cell division.

58
Q

adult neurogenesis

A
  • in hippocampus and olfactory bulb of adult brains, generation of new neurons from stem cells continues.
59
Q

Hippocampus in neurogenesis

A

reducing interference among similar memories.

60
Q

Olfactory bulb in neurogenesis

A

discrimination between similar odours.

61
Q

myelination

A

the formation of myelin around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information-processing abilities.

62
Q

developmental process

A
  • migration to final destination.
  • neuronal growth and differentiation.
  • axons elongate toward specific targets.
  • dendritic arborization.
  • formation of spines.
63
Q

spines

A

formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites’ capacity to form connections with other. neurons

64
Q

arborization

A

enormous increase in the size and complexity of the dendritic “tree”.

65
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections.

66
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

  • last area to mature is the dorsolateral PFC.
67
Q

dorsolateral PFC

A

important for executive functioning –> regulating attention, controlling impulses, foreseeing consequences, setting priorities.

68
Q

synesthesia

A

the blending of different types of sensory input

  • connections between sensory areas have yet to be pruned.

Child Development (9 decks)

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