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Child Development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

three reasons to learn about child development

A
  1. ) to improve one’s own child-rearing practices.
  2. ) to help society promote the well-being of children in general.
  3. ) to better understand human nature.
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2
Q

a major problem among parents is;

A
  • how to help their children control their anger & negative emotions.
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3
Q

is spanking useful?

A

spanking makes children argue more, fight and act inappropriately.

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4
Q

Effective Alternatives to Spanking

A
  • offering sympathy
  • help child find positive alternatives to anger.
  • time outs.
  • turtle shell technique
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5
Q

meta-analysis

A

a method for combining the results from independent studies to reach conclusions based on all of them.

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6
Q

Do Violent Video Games Make Children More Aggressive?

A

using meta-analysis, researchers found that the effects on children was minimal.

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7
Q

How do biased questions influence preschoolers courtroom testimony?

A

it influences the accuracy of children’s memory.

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8
Q

How do leading questions influence preschoolers courtroom testimony?

A
  • leads to inaccurate memory.

- when leading questions aren’t asked, testimony is usually accurate.

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9
Q

Do realistic props increase accuracy?

A

realistic props such as dolls and drawing do not improve recall and increase inaccurate claims.

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10
Q

Romanian Adoption Study

A
  • children faced physical, intellectual and social development problems.
  • supports the principle that the timing of experiences influences their effects.
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11
Q

Naturists

A

argue that evolution has created many remarkable capabilities that are present even in early infancy, ex understanding basic properties of physical objects.

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12
Q

Empiricists

A

argue that infants possess general learning mechanisms but they lack specialized capabilities.

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13
Q

Both naturists and empiricist agree that;

A

the timing of experiences influences their effects.

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14
Q

Early philosophers methods were unscientific because they;

A

used informal observation rather than systematic empiricism.

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15
Q

systematic empiricism

A

an observation of relationships that is carefully structured

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16
Q

Plato

A
  • emphasizes self-control and discipline.

- believed that children are born with innate knowledge.

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17
Q

Aristotle

A
  • was concerned with fitting child rearing to the needs of the individual child.
  • believed that knowledge comes from experience.
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18
Q

John Locke

A

saw child as tabula rasa and advocated first installing disciple, then gradually increasing the child’s freedom.

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19
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

argues that parents and society should give the child maximum freedom from the beginning.

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20
Q

social reform movements

A
  • 19th century.

- research showed some adverse effects that harsh environments can have on child development.

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21
Q

Nature

A

refers to our biological endowment, the genes we receive from our parents.

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22
Q

Nurture

A

refers to the wide range of environments, both physical and social, that influence our development.

23
Q

Charles Darwin

A

theory influenced future works on;

  • infants attachment to mother.
  • innate fear of natural dangers.
  • sex differences.
  • aggression and altruism.
  • mechanisms of learning.
24
Q

Freud - psychoanalytic theory

A

biological drives especially sexual ones are a crucial influence on development.

25
Q

Watson - behaviourist theory

A
  • children’s development is determined by environmental factors, i.e rewards and punishment following the actions.
  • little albert experiment.
26
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • interaction of genes + environment is most important.
  • identical twins have a 50% chance of developing SCZ if their twin has it.
  • children whose parents have SCZ have a higher risk.
27
Q

Genome

A

each person’s complete set of hereditary information.

  • includes proteins that regulate gene expression by turning gene activity on & off.
28
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment.

29
Q

Methylation

A

a biochemical process that silences a variety of genes and that is involved in regulating reactions to stress.

  • Ex: depression risk in children of stressed mothers.
30
Q

How Do Children Shape Their own Development?

A
  • attention patterns.
  • language use.
  • play.
31
Q

Attention patterns

A
  1. ) infants attention is drawn to mothers face → leads to social interaction that can strengthen the mother-infant bond.
  2. ) prefer things that move and make sounds.
32
Q

Language use

A

“Crib speech” → children internally motivated to speak often talk to themselves when they’re alone.

33
Q

Play

A
  • fantasy helps children learn about themselves and others.
  • helps children learn to cope with fears and interact with others.
  • teaches self-control, adhering to rules, spatial learning, etc.
34
Q

Continuous development

A

changes with age occur gradually, in small increments.

  • development occurs skill by skill.
35
Q

Discontinuous development

A
  • changes with age include occasional large shifts.

- qualitative differences occur.

36
Q

Stage theorists

A

propose that development occurs in a progression of distinct age related stages.

37
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  • stage theorist.
  • cognitive development theory holds that between birth and adolescence, children go through 4 stages of cognitive growth.
38
Q

Effortful attention

A

involves voluntary control of one’s emotions and thoughts, includes inhibiting impulses and focusing attention.

39
Q

Mechanisms of effortful attention

A
  • connections between the limbic area, anterior cingulate area and prefrontal cortex.
  • gene role.
  • environment role.
40
Q

Gene role in effortful attention;

A

production of key neurotransmitters for the connectivity of brain regions.

41
Q

Environment role in effortful attention;

A
  • Low quality parenting is associated with low ability to regulate attention.
  • Learning experiences can change the wiring of brain systems that produce effortful attention.
42
Q

Role of sleep in promoting learning & generalization

A
  • first 18 months: sleep promotes learning of general pattern.
  • after 24 months: sleep promotes remembering the specifics of what a child learned.
43
Q

Active Systems Consolidation Theory

A

Hippocampal memories are replayed during sleep which allows the cortex to extract general patterns from the specific memories stored in the hippocampus, and vice versa.

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

can learn the details of new info after one or two experiences.

  • reflects benefits of sleep for older children.
45
Q

Cortex

A

produces thinking of general patterns over many experiences.

  • reflects benefits of sleep for infants.
46
Q

Sociocultural context

A

the physical, social, and cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that influence every aspect of children’s development.

47
Q

Bronfenbrenner: Biological Model

A
  1. ) the people they interact with
  2. ) the physical environment in which they live
  3. ) institutions (education, religion, etc).
  4. ) characteristics of society.
48
Q

Cross-cultural comparisons

A

compare the lives of people who live in different cultures.

  • Ex: sleeping arrangements in individualistic vs. collectivist countries.
49
Q

Contextual differences may be related to;

A

ethnicity, race and socioeconomic status.

50
Q

Cumulative risk

A

accumulation of disadvantages over years of development.

51
Q

Children who show resilience to poverty usually have 3 characteristics;

A
  1. ) Positive personal qualities.
  2. ) Close relationship with at least one parent.
  3. ) Close relational with at least one adults other than their parents.
52
Q

Four differences that can lead a child to turn out different from another:

A
  1. ) Genetic differences.
  2. ) Differences in treatment by parents and others.
  3. ) Differences in reactions to similar experiences.
  4. ) Different choices of environment.
53
Q

Is intelligence a fixed entity?

A
  • fixed mindset vs. growth mindset.

- people who believe intelligence increases with learning tend to react to failure in more effective ways.

Child Development (9 decks)

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