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Child Development > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

The processing of basic information from the external world through the sense organs.

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

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3
Q

Preferential technique

A
  • method for studying visual attention in infants

- showing infants two objects at a time & measure preferance

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4
Q

Habituation

A

Decline in response to an object.

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5
Q

Visual acuity

A

Sharpness of visual discrimination

  • simple versus complex pattern
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6
Q

Contrast sensitivity

A

ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a pattern

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7
Q

Cones

A

Light-sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea.

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8
Q

Colour perception appears at

A

2 months of age

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9
Q

Visual scanning

A
  • Infants are attracted to moving stimuli.
  • faces are the most preferred
  • once infants babble, they fixate mostly on the mouth
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10
Q

Face Perception

A

Preference for top-heavy stimuli (human faces monkey faces) as long as they are presented right side up

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11
Q

Percepual narrowing

A

infants are better at discriminating amongst the kind of faces that are frequently experienced in their enviroment

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12
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

tendency to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, colour, etc regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting

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13
Q

Object segregation

A

The identification of separate objects in a visual array.

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14
Q

Optical Expansion

A
  • blinking response at 1 month.
  • depends on maturation of the brain.
  • cue for depth perception
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15
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

The difference between the retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

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16
Q

Stereopsis

A

The process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity

  • at 4 months.
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17
Q

Monocular Depth

A

The perceptual cues of depth that can be perceived by one eye alone

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18
Q

Auditory Localization

A

Perception of the location of a sound source.

  • improves as the infant grows.
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19
Q

Music Perception

A
  • infant-directed singing over infant-directed speech.

- consonant music over dissonant music.

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20
Q

Taste and Smell

A

sensitivity to taste develops prenatally.

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21
Q

Touch

A
  • oral exploration is dominant in infants.

- 4 months, infants rub, touch and bang objects.

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22
Q

Intermodal Perception

A

The combining of information from two or more sensory systems.

23
Q

Infants raised in ______ homes tend to show habituation faster.

A

bilingual

24
Q

Differentiation

A

when a skill becomes more sophisticated and broken into subsets

25
Q

Statistical learning

A

picking up information from the environment and detecting statistically predictable patterns.

26
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

evokes a reflexive response

ex: food

27
Q

Unconditional response

A

A reflexive response that is elicited by the UCS

  • ex: salivation
28
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

The stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the UCS

ex: bell

29
Q

Conditioned response

A

The originally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the CS

ex: salivation

30
Q

Instrumental/ Operant Conditioning

A

Learning the relation between one’s own behaviour and the consequences that result from it

31
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A reward that reliably follows a behaviour and increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated

32
Q

At what age do babies imitate facial expressions and start to imitate novel actions?

A

By 6 months

33
Q

Rational Learning

A

ability to use prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future.

34
Q

Active Learning

A

learning by acting on the world, rather than passively observing.

35
Q

Infants have ____ acuity, as cones are not fully _______.

A

low; developped

36
Q

infants prefer ______ hues over ______________

A

unique; hue combinations.

37
Q

Colour categorization is present before __________

A

language acquistion

38
Q

Is there evidence of colour categories in infants’ brains?

A

Yes

39
Q

fovea

A

the central region of the retina

40
Q

At what age do infants track moving objects smoothly?

A

By 4 months

41
Q

empiricists

A

maintain that all knowledge arises from experience

42
Q

Can children have size constancy?

A

Yes

43
Q

_______ as a cue help to indicate boundaries between objects.

A

Motion

44
Q

Relative size

A

A retinal image of a smaller person is considered to be distant.

45
Q

Parallel lines

A

The convergence of lines in the distance

46
Q

Interposition

A

nearer objects block ones farther away.

47
Q

Regarding taste and smell, newborns prefer _____ flavours and the smell of _______.

A

sweet; breast milk.

48
Q

Infants can connect between ______ and _________.

A

sights; sounds

49
Q

Goldilocks effect

A

infants prefer patterns that have some variability over patterns that are very simple/complex.

50
Q

through positive reinforcement, infants work hard at learning to __________________.

A

predict and control their experience.

51
Q

Mirror neuron system

A

A brain area that is a potential locus for imitation

  • brain activation = mu rhythm.
52
Q

Imitation is based on an analysis of the person’s ______. Infants consider the ________ of the person.

A

intentions; credibility

53
Q

Violation-of-expectation paradigms

A

uses infants’ “surprise” at unexpected outcomes to draw inferences about their expectations.

54
Q

nativists

A

argue that key aspects of knowledge are innate.

Child Development (9 decks)

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