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Child Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

epigenesis

A

the emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development.

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2
Q

Gametes (germ cells)

A

reproductive cells (egg and sperm) that contain only half the genetic material of all the other cells in the body.

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that produces gametes.

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4
Q

Conception

A

the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father.

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5
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell.

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6
Q

Embryo

A

name given to the developing organism from the 3rd to 8th week of prenatal development.

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7
Q

Fetus

A

name given to the developing organism from the 9th week to birth.

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8
Q

Four major developmental processes;

A
  1. ) mitosis
  2. ) cell migration
  3. ) cell differentiation
  4. ) apoptosis
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9
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

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10
Q

Cell migration

A

the movement of newly formed cells away from their point of origin.

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11
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Embryonic stem cells start to specialize in terms of both structure and function.

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12
Q

Determinant of which type of cell a given stem cell will become;

A
  1. ) which genes in the cell are “switched on” or expressed.

2. ) the cell’s location, future development is influenced by neighbouring cells.

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13
Q

Apoptosis

A

genetically programmed cell death.

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14
Q

Androgen

A

a class of hormones that includes testosterone.

If present → male sex organs develop.

If absent → female genitalia develop.

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15
Q

Inner cell mass

A

after the 4th day of conception, cells arrange themselves into a hollow sphere.

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16
Q

Identical twins

A
  • results from the zygote splitting in half,

- each of the two zygotes having exactly the same set of genes.

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17
Q

Fraternal twins

A
  • result when two eggs are released into fallopian tube at the same time and fertilized by two different sperm
  • only half their genes in common.
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18
Q

Implantation

A
  • egg attaches itself to the lining of the uterus.
  • cells start to differentiate.
  • rest of cells become amniotic sac and placenta.
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19
Q

Top layer

A

becomes the nervous system, nails, teeth, inner ear, lens of the eyes, and the outer surface of the skin.

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20
Q

Middle layer

A

becomes muscles, bones, the circulatory system, the inner layers of the skin, and other internal organs.

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21
Q

Bottom layer

A

develops into the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands.

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22
Q

Neural tube

A

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo, eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

Amniotic sac

A

a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus.

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24
Q

Placenta

A
  • a support organ for the fetus
  • keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus and mother separate
  • semipermeable membrane permits the exchange of materials between them, i.e estrogen and progesterone.
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25
Q

estrogen

A

increases the flow of maternal blood to the uterus

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26
Q

progesterone

A

suppresses uterine contractions that could lead to premature birth.

27
Q

Umbilical cord

A

a tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta.

28
Q

Fetal breathing

A
  • the movement of chest wall in and out.

- amniotic fluid is pulled into the lungs and then expelled.

29
Q

Behavioural Cycles

A
  • Rest activity cycles
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Quiet and active sleep states
30
Q

Rest activity cycles

A

bursts of high activity alternating with little/no activity for a few minutes at a time. (at 10 weeks).

31
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

less activity in the early morning and more activity in the late evening.

32
Q

Quiet and active sleep states

A

at end of pregnancy, ¾ of fetuses time spent in REM sleep.

33
Q

Fetal Experience - Sight and Touch

A
  • Tactile stimulation as a result of grabbing umbilical cord, rubbing face and sucking thumb,
  • Visual experience is minimal.
  • Vestibular system functions before birth → fetuses respond to maternal movements
34
Q

Fetal Experience - Taste

A
  • fetus has a sweet tooth.

- fetus can detect flavours in amniotic fluid.

35
Q

Fetal Experience - Smell

A

amniotic fluid comes into contact with the fetus’s odour receptors through fetal breathing

36
Q

Phylogenetic continuity

A

idea that humans share certain characteristics with animals as a result of their evolutionary history.

37
Q

Fetal experience - Hearing

A

Fetus’s heart rate decelerates briefly when the mother starts speaking (sign of interest).

38
Q

Habituation

A

a simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation.

39
Q

Dishabituation

A

the introduction of a new stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus.

40
Q

Prenatal Learning

A
  • fetuses recognized the sound of their own mother’s voice.

- newborns can remember the scent of their amniotic fluid & flavours.

41
Q

baby is born at;

A

38 weeks after conception.

42
Q

The Birth Experience

A
  • Baby rotates into head-down position.
  • Painful uterine contractions.
  • Baby experiences squeezing.
43
Q

Squeezing is important because it;

A
  1. ) temporarily reduces the overall size of the fetus’s large head.
  2. ) stimulates the production of hormones that help the fetus withstand mild oxygen deprivation.
  3. ) forces amniotic fluid out of the lungs.
44
Q

Fontanel

A

soft space between separate skull plates.

45
Q

Moulding

A

elongation of the head.

46
Q

All cultures pursue dual goals of;

A
  1. ) survival and health of both the mother & baby

2. ) ensuring the social integration of the new person.

47
Q

Doulas

A

individuals trained to assist women in terms of both emotional and physical comfort during labour and delivery.

48
Q

State

A

level of arousal and engagement in the environment, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.

49
Q

Six States of Arousal

A
  1. ) Crying (2 hours).
  2. ) Quiet sleep (8 hours).
  3. ) Active sleep (8 hours).
  4. ) Drowsing (1 hour).
  5. ) Alert awake (2.5 hours).
  6. ) Active awake (2.5 hours).
50
Q

Sleep

A
  • newborns spend 16 hours sleeping per day, 8 hours in REM.

- helps develop infants visual system

51
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

an active sleep state characterized by quick, jerky eye movements under closed lids and associated with dreaming in adults.

52
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements and more regular, slow brain waves, breathing, and heart rate.

53
Q

Myoclonic twitching

A

natural jerking movements in REM.

  • gives infants opportunities to build sensorimotor maps.
54
Q

Napping newborns may be _____ while asleep because …

A
  • learning

- their brains do not become disconnected from external stimulation.

55
Q

Operant conditioning methods of crying

A

the parent either ignores the infant’s cries (extinction) or slowly increases their delay in responding (graduated extinction).

56
Q

Reasons for crying

A
  • attention

- illness, pain and hunger.

57
Q

Crying peaks at ______ and decreases at _________

A

6 to 8 weeks & 3 to 4 months.

58
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A

a form of child abuse which can result in severe head trauma or death.

59
Q

Soothing

A

consoling a crying baby, involves moderately intense and repetitive stimulation.

60
Q

Swaddling

A

a soothing technique that involves wrapping a baby tightly in clothes or a blanket.

61
Q

Response to Distress

A

Mixed data;

  • quick response may result to less crying.
  • ignoring crying during first 9 weeks reduced crying for the next 9 weeks.
62
Q

Colic

A

excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason.

  • 1/10 babies experience it.
63
Q

Reasons for colic

A
  • allergic to mothers diet.
  • formula intolerance.
  • immature gut development.
  • excessive glassiness.

Child Development (9 decks)

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