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Child Development > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development.

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2
Q

Genetic epistemology

A

study of the origins (genesis) of knowledge (epistemology).

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3
Q

Constructivist approach

A

depicts children as constructing knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences.

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4
Q

Three most important of children’s constructive processes

A

1) generating hypotheses, 2) performing experiments, and 3) drawing conclusions from their observations.

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5
Q

______ and _____ interact to produce cognitive development.

A

nature; nurture

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6
Q

Nurture

A

every experience children encounter.

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7
Q

Main Sources of Continuity

A
  • assimilation, accommodation, equilibration
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8
Q

Assimilation

A

people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand.

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9
Q

Accommodation

A

people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences.

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10
Q

Equilibration

A

children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding.

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11
Q

Three phases of equilibration

A
  1. ) Equilibrium
  2. ) Disequilibrium
  3. ) Advanced equilibrium
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12
Q

Equilibrium

A

people are satisfied with their understanding of a particular phenomenon.

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13
Q

Disequilibrium

A

recognize shortcomings in their understanding of the phenomenon, but they cannot generate a superior alternative.

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14
Q

Advanced equilibrium

A

develop a more sophisticated understanding that eliminates the shortcomings of the old one.

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15
Q

Qualitative change

A
  • children of different ages think in qualitatively
    different ways.
  • Ex: a 5-year-old’s conception of morality = consequences of a person’s behaviour.
  • 8-year-old’s conception of morality = intent.
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16
Q

Broad applicability

A

The type of thinking at each stage influences children’s thinking across diverse topics.

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17
Q

Brief transitions

A

Before entering a new stage, children pass through a brief period in which they fluctuate between the type of thinking characteristic of the new and the old.

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18
Q

Piaget believed in _______ stages of cognitive development.

A

discontinuous/distinct

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19
Q

What stage takes place from birth to 2 years old?

A

sensorimotor

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20
Q

What stage takes place from 2 to 7 years?

A

preoperational

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21
Q

What stage takes place from 7 to 12 years?

A

concrete operational

22
Q

What stage takes place from 12 years and beyond?

A

formal operational

23
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A
  • intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities.
24
Q

Preoperational stage

A
  • children become able to represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought.
  • inability to perform conservation concept.
25
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events.

26
Q

Formal operational stage

A

people become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations.

27
Q

At ______ babies lack object permanence, which is __________ .

A

8 months; the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view.

28
Q

From _______, the A not B error occurs which is

A

8 - 12 months; the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden.

29
Q

What happens from 18 to 24 months?

A

infants become able to form enduring mental representations, shown by deferred imitation

30
Q

deferred imitation

A

the repetition of other people’s behaviour a substantial time after it originally occurred.

31
Q

At 1 years old, the child is like a _________.

A

scientist, they explore the potential ways in which objects can be used.

32
Q

Symbolic representation

A

the use of one object to stand for another.

  • preoperational stage
33
Q

Egocentrism

A

the tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of view.

34
Q

Limitations of preoperational stage

A
  • egocentricism

- centration

35
Q

Centration

A

the tendency to focus on a single feature of something.

36
Q

Conservation concept

A

the idea that changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the objects’ other key properties.

  • Ex of centration.
37
Q

the formal operational stage is not ________, not all _______ reach it.

A

universal; adults

38
Q

Four weaknesses in Piaget’s theory

A
  1. ) vague about mechanisms.
  2. ) infants are more cognitively competent than recognized.
  3. ) understates contribution of the social world
  4. ) depicts children’s thinking as being more consistent than it is.
39
Q

Child centred approach

A

considering the various stages of cognitive processing to determine when information should be taught.

40
Q

Sociocultural theories

A

approaches that emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute greatly to children’s development.

41
Q

Guided participation

A

a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn.

42
Q

Cultural tools

A

products of human creativity that enhance thinking.

43
Q

Vygotsky

A

emphasizes the impact of culture on a child’s cognitive development.

44
Q

________________ arising from the culture contribute to cognitive development.

A

language, writings, and concepts.

45
Q

Three phases of internalizing speech

A
  1. ) Children’s behaviour is controlled by other people’s statements
  2. ) Children’s behaviour is controlled by their own private speech.
  3. ) Behaviour is controlled by thoughts.
46
Q

Private speech

A

children develop self-regulation and problem-solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do.

47
Q

Piaget vs Vygostky

A

Vgostky

  • children are social learners
  • gradual continuous changes
  • language & thoughts integrally related.

Piaget

  • children understand world on their own
  • qualitative changes
  • language & thought are independent.
48
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

the mutual understanding that people share during communication.

Ex: language learning.

49
Q

Joint attention

A

a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common object.

50
Q

Social scaffolding

A

helps children learn more by working with a more advanced person to achieve their learning goals.

  • helps form autobiographical memories.
51
Q

autobiographical memories

A

memories of one’s own experiences

52
Q

Community-of-learners program

A
  • education application of sociocultural theories.

- jigsaw approach

Child Development (9 decks)

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