Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens during G1?

A

The cell grows, proteins from which organelles are synthesized are made and organelles replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint check for?

A

The G1 checkpoint checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage. If it doesn’t meet these requirements then it will enter a resting state G0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens during synthesis

A

DNA is replicated in the nucleus during synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the spindle assembly checkpoint check for

A

The spindle assembly checkpoint checks chromosomes are attached to the spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens during G2

A

The cell growth and proteins needed for cell division are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint check for

A

The G2 checkpoint checks for size, DNA replication and DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens during prophase

A

First prophase where chromatin fibres condense to form chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breakdown and two centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell and spindle formation begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

During metaphase the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

during anaphase the centromeres divide spindle fibres contract separating sister chromatids pulling them to opposite poles of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens during telophase

A

During Tielophase chromatids reach the opposite poles and begin to uncoil and the nucleolus and nuclear envelope reform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during cytokinesis and how does this vary between plants and animals

A

During cytokinesis the cytoplasm divides in animals and cleavage furrow formed however in plants vesicles assemble at the centre and fused dividing the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the importance of mitosis in life cycles

A

Mitosis is responsible for growth replace repair and asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the importance of meiosis in life cycles

A

Meiosis is responsible for producing haploid gametes for sexual reproduction which produces genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during meosis 1

A

Prophase 1 the chromosomes condense and homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalents the nuclear envelope disintegrates and two centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell and spindle formation begins
metaphase 1 the bivalent assemble on the equator with a random orientation which is called independent assortment
anaphase 1 the spindle fibres contract separating the bivalents pulling the homologous pairs to opposite poles
Telophase 1 the homologous chromosomes opposite poles and the nucleus and nucleolus reformed and chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during meiosis II

A

prophase 2 chromosomes condense the nuclear envelope breakdown and two centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle formation begins
Metaphase 2 independent assortment occurs as chromosomes assemble on the equator
anaphase 2 spindle fibres contract dividing the centromeres and pulling the chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase 2 the chromatids uncoil and the nucleolus and nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis occurs

17
Q

How are cells organised

A

Specialised cells, tissues ,organs ,organ systems, organism

18
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised for their function

A

Erythrocytes are red blood cells they have a biconcave shape which increases surface area to volume ratio for gas exchange no nucleus there is more space for haemoglobin and they are flexible to squeeze through capillaries

19
Q

How are neutrophils adapted to their function

A

neutrophils are white blood cells they have a multi lobed nucleus to help them squeeze through gaps to get to infection and many Lysosomes to attack pathogens

20
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function

A

sperm cells have a flatulent to help them swim they are packed full of mitochondria to provide the energy for something and the acrosome contains digestive enzymes needed to penetrate the egg

21
Q

How are palisade cells adapted to their function

A

They have large amounts of chloroplasts for photosynthesis thin walls for a short diffusion path and the large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure

22
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function

A

they have long hair like projections which increase surface area for absorption extra mitochondria for energy for active transport and thin permeable cell walls

23
Q

How guard cells adapted to their function

A

they have a thick inner wall and a thin outer wall so the cell does not change shape symmetrically as volume changes allowing a pore to open up to let water through

24
Q

How are the squamous adapted to the function

A

A very thin for efficient diffusion

25
Q

How are the ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function

A

They have hair like structures which beat particles away

26
Q

Give 6 examples of tissues

A

Squamous epithilial ciliated epithelial muscle cartilage xylem and phloem

27
Q

What are stem cells

A

Stem cells are renewing source of undifferentiated cells that are found in embryos bone marrow and meristems

28
Q

What can adult stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into

A

Adult stem cells in bone marrow can differentiate into neutrophils and erythrocytes

29
Q

What can plant stem cells in meristems differentiate into

A

Stem cells in meristems can differentiate into xylem and phloem

30
Q

How could stem cells treat Alzheimer’s

A

Stem cells can treat Alzheimer’s by regrowing healthy nerve cells to replace the ones that are dying resulting in memory loss

31
Q

How could stem cells treat Parkinson’s

A

Transplanted stem cells could regenerate dopamine producing cells which are used to control movement

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions