Chapter 18 Flashcards
Why do organisms have a need for energy
Organisms need energy for active transport anabolic reactions and movement
Label a diagram of a mitochondria
Check in notes should include inner mitochondrial membrane cristae mitochondrial DNA outer mitochondrial membrane and matrix
What are the four stages of respiration and what happens in each overview
Glycolysis glucose is turned to pyruvate
Link reaction pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme a
Krebs cycle acetylcoenzyme a to ADP NADH and FADH
Oxidative phosphorylation NADH + FADH to ATP
Explain the process of glycolysis
1) Phosphorylation- two phosphates released from two ATP are added to glucose forming hexose bisphosphate and two molecules of ADP
2) hexose bisphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
3) triose phosphate is oxidised forming two molecules of pyruvate
4) nad accepts the hydrogen forming reduced NAd and 4 ATP are produced
Explain the process of the link reaction
1) pyruvate is actively transported to the mitochondrial matrix and is decarboxylated
2) the hydrogen is accepted by NAD forming NADH
3) pyruvate changes into acetate
4) acetate is combined with coenzyme a to form acetyl coenzyme a
Explain the process of the krebs cycle
1) Acetylcoenzyme a delivers the two carbon acetyl group which combines with four carbon oxaloacetate forming six carbon citrate
2) citrate undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation to form carbon dioxide reduced NAD and a 5 carbon compound
3) the 5 carbon compound undergoes decarboxylation dehydrogenation and substrate level phosphorylation to create four carbon oxaloacetate, reduced FAD, two reduced NAD and ATP
Draw the krebs cycle
Check in notes
Explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation
1) Reduced nad and reduced f a d oxidized to n a d and f a d in the inner mitochondrial membrane
2) the hydrogen released splits into protons and electrons which move down the electron transport chain using energy at each carrier
3) the energy is used to pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space forming an electrochemical gradient
4) protons move down the electrochemical gradient back into the matrix via ATP synthase which synthesizes ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP
5) the electrons combined with the protons at the end of the chain with oxygen to form water
What is the importance of coenzymes in respiration
Coenzymes aid in the oxidation and reduction of reactions
Nad and fad carry electrons to the electron transport chain
Coenzyme a delivers the acetyl group to the krebs cycle
Explain the process of anaerobic respiration in mammals
1) pyruvate from glycolysis takes a hydrogen from reduced n a d from glycolysis
2) this forms lactate and nad
3) the nad is used in glycolysis to create ATP
4) the toxic lactate remains which over time will lead to a fall in pH and denature proteins
In the process of anaerobic respiration in plants
1) pyruvate from glycolysis loses CO2 to form ethanal
2) reduced nadp from glycolysis transfers hydrogen to ethanal to form ethanol and nad
3) the nad is reused in glycolysis to produce ATP
Name the different respiratory substrates and how much energy they release when respired
Carbohydrates= 16
lipids= 40
proteins= 17
Why do lipids produce more energy than carbohydrates and proteins
Because most ATP is made in oxidative phosphorylation which requires hydrogen so respiratory substrates with more hydrogen atoms produce more energy
What is rq
RQ= volume of CO2 released/ volume of O2 consumed
What are the rq of lipids proteins and carbohydrates
Lipids= 0.7 Proteins= 0.9 Carbohydrates= 1
