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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a communicable disease

A

A communicable disease is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism and can be passed from one to another

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2
Q

What is a bacteria

A

A bacteria is a prokaryotic single-celled organism without a membrane-bound nucleus organelles it is responsible for producing toxins that poison or damage host cells

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3
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis is a bacteria that damages lung tissue and suppresses the immune system

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4
Q

What is meningitis

A

Bacterial meningitis is a bacteria that causes the infection of the protective brain membrane which causes septicemia

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5
Q

What is ring rot

A

Ring rot is a bacteria that damages leaves tubers and fruit in potatoes and tomatoes

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6
Q

What is a virus

A

A virus is a non-living infectious agent which inserts genetic material into host cell DNA to make new viruses

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7
Q

What is HIV / AIDS

A

HIV / AIDS is a virus that targets t-helper cells which we can see mean system leaving the person vulnerable to infection

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8
Q

What is influenza

A

Influenza is a virus that infects and kills ciliated epithelial cells which is airways open to infection

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9
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus is a virus that damages leaves flowers and fruits

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10
Q

What is a protoctista

A

A protoctista is a parasite which digests and uses cell content before breaking them open

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11
Q

What is malaria

A

Malaria is a protoctista hosted by mosquitoes which invades red blood cells liver and brain making people vulnerable to infection

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12
Q

What is late blight

A

Night light is a protoctista that penetrates host destroying leaves tubers of roots in potatoes and tomatoes

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13
Q

What are fungi

A

Fungi digest living cells and produce toxins

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14
Q

What is black sigatoka

A

Black sigatoka is a fungi that attacks and destroys leaves by digesting cells leaving them black in bananas

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15
Q

What is ringworm

A

Ringworm is a fungi that creates crusty white itchy areas of skin in cattle

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16
Q

What is athlete’s foot

A

Athlete’s foot is a fungi that digests more moist skin between toes causing cracking itching and soreness

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17
Q

How do plants use callosr depositation to defend against pathogens

A

When under attack plants synthesise callow sand deposited between cell walls and membranes of surrounding cells it’s cells of sieve plates and plasmodesmatas to prevent the spread and triggers lignin to be added for strength

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18
Q

What chemical defences do plants use against pathogens

A 
Insect repellents eg citronella
Insecticides EG caffeine
Antibacterial compounds EG antibiotics
Antifungal compounds Eg chitinases
General toxins EG cyanide
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19
Q

What is direct transmission

A

Direct transmission is where the pathogen is transmitted directly from one organism to another

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20
Q

Give some examples of how a disease is directly transmitted

A

Direct contact e.g. touch
Inoculation eg bites
Ingestion EG contaminated food

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21
Q

What is indirect transmission

A

Indirect transmission is where the pathogen travels from one organism to another in directly

22
Q

Give some examples of indirect transmission

A 
Fomites GG socks
Droplet infection EG sneezing
Vectors e.g. rats
Soil contamination
Plant factors e.g. wind
23
Q

What factors increase the spread of disease in animals

A 
Overcrowding
 poor nutrition
 compromised immunity 
Poor waste disposal 
climate change 
cultural factors
 socioeconomic factors
24
Q

What factors increase the spread of disease in plants

A 
Susceptible crops
overcrowding 
poor mineral nutrition 
damp warm conditions 
climate change
25
Q

How does a skin defend against disease

A

The skin acts as a physical barrier and has a flora of healthy microorganisms which alconbury pathogens for space and produces sebum which inhibits pathogen growth

26
Q

How does mucous membranes defend against disease

A

Mucous membranes line body openings and secrete mucus which traps pathogens they also contain lysosomes and phagocytes to destroy and dispose of them

27
Q

How does wound repair defend against disease

A

A clot is formed and epidermal cells begin to grow below collagen fibres are deposited and a scab slough’s off

28
Q

How does blood clotting defend against disease

A

Blood clotting includes a mesh of protein fibres which plug the wound to prevent pathogen entry and blood loss

29
Q

How do expulsive reflexes defend against disease

A

Coughs and sneezes eject mucus containing pathogens from the gas exchange system vomiting and diarrhoea expel pathogens from the gut

30
Q

How does inflammation defend against disease

A

Damaged tissue releases histamines and cytokines which cause vasodilation to increase heat increase permeability and trigger phagocytes

31
Q

What is the first stage of the specific immune response

A

A phagocyte recognises antigens on a pathogen as foreign
Opsonins attach to the antigens to guide the phagocyte to it
The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen with its cytoplasm forming a phagosome
Lysosome fuses with it and digestive enzymes break it down
Phagocyte presents the antigens as an antigen presenting cell to activate other cells

32
Q

What is the second stage of the specific immune response

A

A t lymphocyte binds to antigens presented by the antigen-presenting cell if it’s receptor are complementary
Clonal selection occurs which activates the t-lymphocytes to undergo clonal expansion into t-helper cells t killer cells and t regulatory cells

33
Q

What are the roles of t helper cells t killer cells and t regulatory cells

A

T helper cells release substances to activate t-helper and t killer cells
T killer cells attached to and kill infected cells with a virus
T regulatory cells suppress immune response from other white blood cells to stop cells mistakenly attacking host

34
Q

What is the third stage of the specific immune response

A

B-lymphocytes covered in antibodies bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex if the antibody is complementary
Cell signalling occurs and t helper cells release interleukins which bind to receptors on the b lymphocyte and activate it to undergo clonal expansion into plasma and memory cells

35
Q

What is the fourth stage of the specific immune response

A

Plasma cells secrete specific antibodies which act as
Aggulatins- clump pathogens together
Anti-toxins- neutralise toxins
Prevent pathogens attaching to host cells

36
Q

Draw the structure of an antibody

A

Should include the variable region, constant region hinge region and disulfide bridges

37
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune response

A

The primary immune response is slow while the body produces enough of the right antibody while the person experiences symptoms

The secondary immune response is faster as memory b lymphocytes divide into plasma cells producing the right antibodies memory t lymphocytes divide into the correct type to kill the antigen carrying cell before the symptoms occur

38
Q

What should you label in a blood smear

A

Red blood cells which are smaller and have no nucleus
Neutrophils which a multi lobed nucleus and a grainy cytoplasm
Lymphocytes which is small with a large nucleus and little cytoplasm
Monocytes which are large kidney bean shaped nucleus and a non grainy cytoplasm

39
Q

What are neutrophils

A

Neutrophils are white blood cells that respond to cytokines released by cells at the site of a wound

40
Q

What is an autoimmune disease

A

An autoimmune disease is where the immune system attacks its own cells

41
Q

Give two examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Lupus attacks the connective tissue causing inflammation

Arthritis attacks the cells in joints causing inflammation

42
Q

What is natural active immunity

A

Natural active immunity is immunity which results from the response of the body to the invasion of a pathogen EG memory cells presenting measles again

43
Q

What is natural passive immunity

A

Natural passive immunity is immunity given to an infant mammal by the mother through the placenta and colostrum

44
Q

What is artificial active immunity

A

Artificial active immunity is immunity as a result of safe exposure to a pathogen EG vaccination

45
Q

What is artificial passive immunity

A

Artificial passive immunity is immunity from the administration of antibodies from another animal

46
Q

How do vaccinations cause immunity

A

The pathogen is made safe by being dead weakened or having isolated antigens or being genetically engineered
It is injected into the blood
The primary immune response is triggered which forms memory cells
If you contact the pathogen again the secondary immune response is triggered which is faster and stronger

47
Q

How do we prevent epidemics

A

The influenza vaccine changes every year because the antigens change regularly and you Maxine is made every year which are effective against new global strains to prevent an epidemic

48
Q

How can we protect sources of medicine

A

Many drugs are made using plants and animals all microorganisms only a small proportion of organisms have been investigated so we must maintain biodiversity to save future drugs

49
Q

What is personalised medicine

A

Personalised medicine is tailored to individual DNA so they are most effective for the individual

50
Q

What is synthetic biology

A

Synthetic biology is using technology to design and make artificial protein cells and microorganisms to fight disease

51
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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