Chapter 12 Flashcards
Definition of a communicable disease
A communicable disease is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism and can be passed from one to another
What is a bacteria
A bacteria is a prokaryotic single-celled organism without a membrane-bound nucleus organelles it is responsible for producing toxins that poison or damage host cells
What is tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a bacteria that damages lung tissue and suppresses the immune system
What is meningitis
Bacterial meningitis is a bacteria that causes the infection of the protective brain membrane which causes septicemia
What is ring rot
Ring rot is a bacteria that damages leaves tubers and fruit in potatoes and tomatoes
What is a virus
A virus is a non-living infectious agent which inserts genetic material into host cell DNA to make new viruses
What is HIV / AIDS
HIV / AIDS is a virus that targets t-helper cells which we can see mean system leaving the person vulnerable to infection
What is influenza
Influenza is a virus that infects and kills ciliated epithelial cells which is airways open to infection
What is tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus is a virus that damages leaves flowers and fruits
What is a protoctista
A protoctista is a parasite which digests and uses cell content before breaking them open
What is malaria
Malaria is a protoctista hosted by mosquitoes which invades red blood cells liver and brain making people vulnerable to infection
What is late blight
Night light is a protoctista that penetrates host destroying leaves tubers of roots in potatoes and tomatoes
What are fungi
Fungi digest living cells and produce toxins
What is black sigatoka
Black sigatoka is a fungi that attacks and destroys leaves by digesting cells leaving them black in bananas
What is ringworm
Ringworm is a fungi that creates crusty white itchy areas of skin in cattle
What is athlete’s foot
Athlete’s foot is a fungi that digests more moist skin between toes causing cracking itching and soreness
How do plants use callosr depositation to defend against pathogens
When under attack plants synthesise callow sand deposited between cell walls and membranes of surrounding cells it’s cells of sieve plates and plasmodesmatas to prevent the spread and triggers lignin to be added for strength
What chemical defences do plants use against pathogens
Insect repellents eg citronella Insecticides EG caffeine Antibacterial compounds EG antibiotics Antifungal compounds Eg chitinases General toxins EG cyanide
What is direct transmission
Direct transmission is where the pathogen is transmitted directly from one organism to another
Give some examples of how a disease is directly transmitted
Direct contact e.g. touch
Inoculation eg bites
Ingestion EG contaminated food
What is indirect transmission
Indirect transmission is where the pathogen travels from one organism to another in directly
Give some examples of indirect transmission
Fomites GG socks Droplet infection EG sneezing Vectors e.g. rats Soil contamination Plant factors e.g. wind
What factors increase the spread of disease in animals
Overcrowding poor nutrition compromised immunity Poor waste disposal climate change cultural factors socioeconomic factors
What factors increase the spread of disease in plants
Susceptible crops overcrowding poor mineral nutrition damp warm conditions climate change
How does a skin defend against disease
The skin acts as a physical barrier and has a flora of healthy microorganisms which alconbury pathogens for space and produces sebum which inhibits pathogen growth
How does mucous membranes defend against disease
Mucous membranes line body openings and secrete mucus which traps pathogens they also contain lysosomes and phagocytes to destroy and dispose of them
How does wound repair defend against disease
A clot is formed and epidermal cells begin to grow below collagen fibres are deposited and a scab slough’s off
How does blood clotting defend against disease
Blood clotting includes a mesh of protein fibres which plug the wound to prevent pathogen entry and blood loss
How do expulsive reflexes defend against disease
Coughs and sneezes eject mucus containing pathogens from the gas exchange system vomiting and diarrhoea expel pathogens from the gut
How does inflammation defend against disease
Damaged tissue releases histamines and cytokines which cause vasodilation to increase heat increase permeability and trigger phagocytes
What is the first stage of the specific immune response
A phagocyte recognises antigens on a pathogen as foreign
Opsonins attach to the antigens to guide the phagocyte to it
The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen with its cytoplasm forming a phagosome
Lysosome fuses with it and digestive enzymes break it down
Phagocyte presents the antigens as an antigen presenting cell to activate other cells
What is the second stage of the specific immune response
A t lymphocyte binds to antigens presented by the antigen-presenting cell if it’s receptor are complementary
Clonal selection occurs which activates the t-lymphocytes to undergo clonal expansion into t-helper cells t killer cells and t regulatory cells
What are the roles of t helper cells t killer cells and t regulatory cells
T helper cells release substances to activate t-helper and t killer cells
T killer cells attached to and kill infected cells with a virus
T regulatory cells suppress immune response from other white blood cells to stop cells mistakenly attacking host
What is the third stage of the specific immune response
B-lymphocytes covered in antibodies bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex if the antibody is complementary
Cell signalling occurs and t helper cells release interleukins which bind to receptors on the b lymphocyte and activate it to undergo clonal expansion into plasma and memory cells
What is the fourth stage of the specific immune response
Plasma cells secrete specific antibodies which act as
Aggulatins- clump pathogens together
Anti-toxins- neutralise toxins
Prevent pathogens attaching to host cells
Draw the structure of an antibody
Should include the variable region, constant region hinge region and disulfide bridges
What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune response
The primary immune response is slow while the body produces enough of the right antibody while the person experiences symptoms
The secondary immune response is faster as memory b lymphocytes divide into plasma cells producing the right antibodies memory t lymphocytes divide into the correct type to kill the antigen carrying cell before the symptoms occur
What should you label in a blood smear
Red blood cells which are smaller and have no nucleus
Neutrophils which a multi lobed nucleus and a grainy cytoplasm
Lymphocytes which is small with a large nucleus and little cytoplasm
Monocytes which are large kidney bean shaped nucleus and a non grainy cytoplasm
What are neutrophils
Neutrophils are white blood cells that respond to cytokines released by cells at the site of a wound
What is an autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is where the immune system attacks its own cells
Give two examples of autoimmune diseases
Lupus attacks the connective tissue causing inflammation
Arthritis attacks the cells in joints causing inflammation
What is natural active immunity
Natural active immunity is immunity which results from the response of the body to the invasion of a pathogen EG memory cells presenting measles again
What is natural passive immunity
Natural passive immunity is immunity given to an infant mammal by the mother through the placenta and colostrum
What is artificial active immunity
Artificial active immunity is immunity as a result of safe exposure to a pathogen EG vaccination
What is artificial passive immunity
Artificial passive immunity is immunity from the administration of antibodies from another animal
How do vaccinations cause immunity
The pathogen is made safe by being dead weakened or having isolated antigens or being genetically engineered
It is injected into the blood
The primary immune response is triggered which forms memory cells
If you contact the pathogen again the secondary immune response is triggered which is faster and stronger
How do we prevent epidemics
The influenza vaccine changes every year because the antigens change regularly and you Maxine is made every year which are effective against new global strains to prevent an epidemic
How can we protect sources of medicine
Many drugs are made using plants and animals all microorganisms only a small proportion of organisms have been investigated so we must maintain biodiversity to save future drugs
What is personalised medicine
Personalised medicine is tailored to individual DNA so they are most effective for the individual
What is synthetic biology
Synthetic biology is using technology to design and make artificial protein cells and microorganisms to fight disease
What are antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
