Chapter 11

Question 1

What is habitat biodiversity

Answer 1

Habitat biodiversity is the number of different habitats found within an area such as sand dunes Woodlands Meadows and streams

Question 2

What is species biodiversity

Answer 2

Species biodiversity is a measure of
species richness which is the number of different species living in a particular area and species evenness the abundance of each different species in an area

Question 3

What is genetic biodiversity

Answer 3

Genetic biodiversity is the variation of alleles within a species and it gives rise to different breeds

Question 4

What is random sampling

Answer 4

Random sampling and sampling where each individual has an equal likelihood of selection e.g. marking a great use of measuring tapes and using random numbers generated to select coordinates

Question 5

What is nonrandom sampling

Answer 5

Nonrandom sampling is sampling where the sample is not chosen at random and it is divided into three techniques systematic opportunistic and stratified

Question 6

What is systematic sampling

Answer 6

Systematic sampling is there are different areas of a habitat identified and sampled separately usually at fixed intervals e.g. quadratus a place at regular intervals along the transect

Question 7

What is opportunistic sampling

Answer 7

Opportunistic sampling is use of organisms that are conveniently available chosen by the investigator and it is incredibly bias

Question 8

What is stratified sampling

Answer 8

Stratified sampling sampling their population is divided into strata based on a characteristic and a random sample is taken from each proportional to its size

Question 9

Name five sampling techniques

Answer 9

Pooters are used to catch small insects a tube is place over the insects and by sucking into a mouthpiece it is drawn into the chamber
a sweep net is used to catch flying insects
pitfall trap is used to catch crawling invertebrates it is a hole in the ground covered by a roof structure propped above
kick sampling is used to disturb organisms and a net is held below to collect insects in the river bank
tullgren funnel is used to collect insects from a handful of soil, it is placed in the funnel above a jar under a light so the Insects move away from the light into the jar to be sampled

Question 10

How do you measure species richness

Answer 10

To measure species richness use a variety of something techniques to try and identify all species present then count to find the total number of species

Question 11

How do you measure species evenness

Answer 11

To measure species evenness take a random sample of a habitat and count the number of individuals of each different species to compare

Question 12

How can you calculate biodiversity

Answer 12

Simpsons index of diversity is a measure of biodiversity between one and zero which takes into account species richness and species evenness

Question 13

What is the Simpsons index equation

Answer 13

Diversity is equal to 1 minus the sum of number of individuals of one species over the total number of organisms squared

Question 14

What is A result close to 1 when calculating Simpsons index representative of

Answer 14

It is representative of a high biodiversity a large number of species with added advantageous adaptions complex food chains and low stress environment

Question 15

Why is it advantageous to have a high genetic biodiversity

Answer 15

Species with grace of genetic biodiversity and more likely to be able to adapt to changes in the environment where is isolated populations such a serious pedigree animals and rare breeds may have a low genetic diversity

Question 16

How can you measure genetic diversity

Answer 16

Polymorphic genes have more than one allele and by measuring the proportion of polymorphic gene Loki will give you a measure of genetic diversity therefore diversity can be measured by the number of polymorphic gene Loki over the total number of Loki

Question 17

What three factors affect biodiversity

Answer 17

Human population growth causes habitat loss deforestation over exploitation urbanisation and pollution
agriculture causes Moniculture habitat loss deforestation and use of chemicals
climate change causes changes in weather and temperature making habitat uninhabitable mass migration and extinction

Question 18

What are the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 18

Areas rich and biodiversity provide attractive landscapes and people are generally healthier when they are surrounded by a natural environment

Question 19

What is the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 19

Soil erosion reduces the countries ability to grow crops making them dependent on other nations and also to maintain industry that rely on non-renewable sources alongside maintaining species with future economic importance and to provide protection against abiotic stresses and disease finally to promote tourism

Question 20

What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 20

To protect against destruction of food chains nutrient cycles and to protect keystone species

Question 21

What is in situ conservation

Answer 21

In situ Conservation is Conservation within the natural habitat such as wildlife reserves protected areas and marine conservation zones which restrict urban development control and remove invasive species reintroduce species control poaching and feed animals et cetera

Question 22

What is ex situ conservation

Answer 22

Ex situ conservation is conservation outside the natural habitat such as botanic Gardens seed banks and captive breeding programs

Question 23

Three conservation agreements

Answer 23

The Rio convention created the CBD which requires countries to develop international strategies to maintain biodiversity
The CITES agreement Regulates trade of wild animals and plants making it illegal to kill and trade endangered species
The countryside stewardship scheme offers government payments to landowners who follow techniques conserve the English landscape