Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is a taxonomic group
Taxonomic groups of a hierarchical groups of classification
Name the seven taxanomic ranks
Kingdom phylum class order family genus species
What is binomial normenclature
The scientific naming system which uses the genus and the species so no two species can have the same generic and specific name
What are the five kingdoms
Animalia, plantae, fungi, prokaryotae and protoctista
What are animalia
Animalia are Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, have nucleus and heterotrophic (cannot make their own food)
What are plantae
Plantae are eukaryotic multicellular with cellulose cell walls autotrophic (can make their own food) and have a nucleus
What are fungi
fungi are eukaryotic with chittin cell walls saprotrophic (absorbs from dead organisms) and can be unicellular or multicellular
What are prokaryotae
Prokaryotae are prokaryotic unicellular and have no nucleus
What are protoctista
Protoctista are eukaryotic, unicellular and have a nucleus
What evidence has led to new classification systems
Genetic evidence through comparing DNA sequences shows how closely related species are
Biological molecules through comparing amino acid sequences in different species can also indicate a common ancestor
What are the differences between the new and the old classification system
The old classification system had the largest groups as the five kingdoms
in the new classification system the three domain system is introduced which splits prokaryotae into two of the domain archaea and bacteria and the rest are in eukarya
Why was the new classification system proposed with three domains
Molecular evidence as differences in the sequence of nucleotides in ribosomal DNA
Cell membrane evidence differences in the cell membrane lipid structure
What is phylogeny
Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationships between organisms
What is a phylogenetic tree and draw one
phylogenetic tree has the earliest species at the base of the tree and the most recent at the tips of the branches the close of the branches the close of the evolutionary relationship
Why is phylogenetic classification better than linear classification
phylogenetic classification produces a continuous tree which avoids separating organisms into groups they don’t quite fit where is linear classification is misleading as it implies different groups with the same rank are equivalent
What was Darwin’s contribution to evolution
Darwin made observations on finches and the Galapagos Islands and found birds on different Islands had beaks adapted to the food available these observations led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection
What was Wallace’s contribution to classification
Wallis also made observations about animals having adaptations to the surroundings including warning colouration in animals which led him to the theory of evolution by natural selection and he published his papers around the same time as darling but unfortunately it was Darwin’s book on the origin of species that got credit
How do fossils provide evidence for evolution
Fossils are the remains of organisms preserved in rocks the different layer of rocks they are found in indicates the era which can show gradual changes in organisms over a period of time due to evolution
How does DNA provide evidence for evolution
DNA can provide a timeline to when organisms have diverged from their common ancestor this is because evolution causes a slight change in base sequences so organisms that have diverge more recently will have more similar DNA to those who diverged before
How can molecular evidence provide evidence for evolution
similar to DNA organisms that have diverge more recently have more similar molecules such as amino acids proteins and antibodies so comparing biological molecules can help build a timeline for the evolution of an organism
What is interspecific variation
Interspecific variation is the differences between organisms of different species
What is intraspecific variation
Intraspecific variation is the differences between organisms of the same species
What is discontinuous variation
discontinuous variation is a characteristic can only result in discrete values such as blood groups in animals seed shape in plants and antibiotic resistance in microorganisms
What is continuous variation
Continuous variation is a characteristic that can take any value within a range such as mass in animals number of leaves in plants and length of microorganisms
What are the genetic causes of variation
Genes have alternative forms called alleles so depending on the parental combination characteristics can vary
mutations cause changes to DNA sequences which changes the proteins coded which can produce variation
during meiosis the genetic material inherited undergoes independent assortment which produces genetic variation
during sexual reproduction, the offspring inherit alleles from two parents so differs from the parents
What are the environmental causes of variation
differences in the environment such as climate food and lifestyle can change characteristics such as accent having your ears pierced
What causes a variation can be considered both genetic and environmental
Sometimes genetics determine a characteristic but environmental factors influence how it develops such as height
What is standard deviation
Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the data is
What is the standard deviation equation
Check in notes
Standard deviation= root of the sum of the value in the data set take away the mean all squared over number of values minus one
What is a student’s t-test
A student’s t-test compares the mean values of two data sets and determine significance
What is an unpaired t test
An unpaired t-test is for two groups of different individuals
What is a paired t test
A paired t-test is for a data from the same individuals
Explain how you would calculate a student’s t-test for two groups of different individuals
The different groups use the unpaired t test equation
Identify the null hypothesis (EG there is no difference in the length of IV in the shade and light)
use the equation x bar is equal to the mean s is equal to the standard deviation and n is the number of values
Find the degree of freedom which is n-1 so in this example it is n1 + n2 -2
look it up in a students t test significance table and make a conclusion if it is lower than the critical value you can accept the null hypothesis
Explain how you would calculate a student’s t-test for data from the same individual
Identify that the same individuals use the paired t test equation
identify the null hypothesis (EG there is no difference in heart rate at rest or when exercising)
Use the equation D bar is equal to the mean of the differences and is the root of the number of pairs and SD is the standard deviation
Work out the degrees of freedom which is n-1
Use a critical value table to find out if the result is significantif it is less than the critical value you can accept them null hypothesis
What are behavioural adaptations
Behavioural adaptations are the way an organism acts for example
survival behaviours such as playing dead or freezing when seen
courtship to attract a mate for example a dance or
seasonal behaviours that allow organisms to cope with changes such as migration or hibernation
What are physiological adaptations
physiological adaptations are processes that take place inside the organism for example
poison production to kill prey or stop being eaten
antibiotic production to kill other bacteria in the area or
water holding such as tissues that can hold water to survive in hot climates
What are anatomical adaptations
Anatomical adaptations a structural features such as
Body coverings like hares scales spines feathers or shells
Camouflage
Teeth such as a shape or type of teeth relate to an animals diet
Mimicry like copying a deadly animals markings to deter predators
What are the differences between a marsupial mammal such as a kangaroo and a placental mammal such as a human
marsupial mammals have short pregnancies and don’t developer centre they are born early and continue to develop in the pouch attached to the teat
however placental mammals have longer pregnancies and develop a placenta a born more fully developed
How a marsupial and placental moles an example of convergent evolution
marsupial and placental mammals have similar anatomical features such as airstream shake the digging scoop shaped paws and claws however they evolved independently with similar characteristics because they’ve adapted to similar environments
How are marsupial and placental moles an example of convergent evolution
marsupial and placental mammals have similar anatomical features such as their streamlined shake the digging scoop shaped paws and claws however they evolved independently with similar characteristics because they’ve adapted to similar environments
Explain the process of natural selection
Organisms within a species show genetic variation which arise when DNA mutates
organisms with advantageous characteristics for predators competition or disease are more likely to survive and successfully reproduce
this process is repeated over generations so over time the proportion of individuals with the advantageous adaptation increases
Overtime is process can lead to the evolution of a new species
Give two implications of evolution
Antibiotic resistant bacteria bacteria reproduce rapidly and evolved over short period of time mutations can occur providing antibiotic resistance when exposed to the drug that these bacteria survive and reproduce and pass it on eg MRSA
pesticide resistance genetic mutations can lead to individuals with pesticide resistance if the population is exposed to the pesticide the individuals resist and Will survive and pass on the gene
