Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6, 7, & 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 6, 7, & 8 Flashcards

1
Q

List the five functions of bone

A

Shape and support

Protection of viscera

Storage of nutrients

Levers for locomotion

Blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bone matrix stores calcium salts

Protein fibers;collagen elastic

Adipose (fat energy) bone marrow

A

Storage of nutrients for the bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bones do not move

A

Levers of locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood cells are made in the ?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the six shapes of bone

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Wormian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carpals and tarsals

A

Short bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Calvaria, cap of skull, clavicle, scapula, ribs and sternum
Mandible ilium, cranial bones of skull

A

Flat bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bones that grow in dermis of skin

A

Dermal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Patellae grow inside of tendons;patella

A

Sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Connect skull sutures sutural bones

A

Wormian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bone growth in areas where bones don’t typically grow “Sesamoid bone”

A

Ectopic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Long bone has an extended tubular shaft _____. At each end is an expanded area known as the ________.

A

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The diaphysis is connected to each epiphysis at a narrow zone known as the

A

Metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Growth plate and epiphsyeal plate

Cartilage ?

A

Metaphysis

Hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lines marrow cavities;fills epiphysis

A

Spongy bone cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Marrow cavity;space in between the bone

A

Medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Membrane that surrounds the bone

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Membrane surrounding the spongy bone;marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

At the microscopic level, the basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the

A

Osteon/haversian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In an osteon, the osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers (rings) around a vascular ______?

A

Central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Each ring of an osteon is called

A

Concentric lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes, thus supporting cell to cell communication between osteocytes in different lacunae and access to nutrients supplied by blood vessels in the central canal.

A

Canaculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Periosteum has two layers

A
  1. Cellular layer filled with osteo blasts and osteo progenitors
  2. Fibrous layer dense connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Femurs
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Tibia
Fibia

A

Long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vertebrae

A

Irregular bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Shaft of the long bone

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cortical bone is ?

Trabecule all grow in the same direction
Found in the walls of diaphysis

A

Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Found in walls of the diaphysis and outer shell of the epiphysis

A

Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Osteons and lamalle run in the same direction. Can withstand stresses along the length of the bone

A

Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Osteons and lamalle trabecule that grow in the same directions along the stress lines (multiple directions)

A

Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is the struts in spongy bone

A

Trabecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stem cells (embryonic mesenchymel in their state) underdeveloped precursors to bone cells. Highly mitotic develop into osteoblasts

Found in periosteum & endosteum

A

Osteo progenitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Immature bone cells; mitotic; build bone matrix (osteogenesis)

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae;maintain bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Destroyer: white blood cells (immune cells) secrete acids and enzymes that digest bone. Osteolysis

Large, multinuclaeic leukocytes

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  1. What is hydroxyapatite ? and what are its major components ?
A
  1. Bone matrix
  2. 2 components

Organic part= protein, fibers, collagen, elastin

Inorganic part= calcium salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the calcium salts in hydroxyapatite?

A

Calcium chloride
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Calcium hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The skeleton begins forming at about ______ after conception and continues through adolescence

A

6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Bone growth is completed somewhere between the ages of

A

18 to 25 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Depositing of calcium within a tissue

A

Calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Refers specifically to the formation of bone

A

Ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

There are two major types of ossification

A

Endochondrial

Intramembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This is the replacement of cartilage by bone. During development a cartilage model of each bone forms within the developing fetus. Overtime the cartilage is broken down and replaced by bone

A

Endochondrial ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

This is the replacement of mesenchyme by bone.

Occurs in dermis of skin

A

Intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

It occurs within a fibrous layer of a membrane associated with the dermis of the skin

A

Intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Hyaline cartilage model 1

A

Within a hyaline cartilage Chondrocytes swell up and die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hyaline cartilage model 2

A

Blood vessels penetrate the model
Perichondria converts to periosteum to form a collar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hyaline cartilage model 3

A

Within center of diaphysis a primary ossification center is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hyaline cartilage model 4

A

A marrow cavity is formed by osteoclasts
Bone continues to grow out from the ossification center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hyaline cartilage model 5

A

As Chondrocytes die in epiphysis 2nd ossification center forms there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Hyaline cartilage model 6

A

We continue to remodel spongy bone into compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Occurs in a layer of mensenchymal tissue that forms a layer within the dermis

A

Intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Bones grow longer by a process called _________.

A

Interstitial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

When bones seem to be completely formed early in life there is still some hyaline cartilage left in the epiphyseal plates and on the articular surfaces. As long as the epiphyseal plates are open bones can continue to ?

A

Grow longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

On the _______ side of the growth plate, _______ divide by _______

A

Epiphyseal
Chondroblast
Mitosis

Interstitial growth

56
Q

These new cells lay down ________which pushes the ________ out away from the diaphysis, lengthening the bone

A

Cartilage

Epiphysis

Interstitial growth

57
Q

At the same rate, on the ______ side of the growth plate, _______ remove old cartilage and _______ replace it with bone

A

Diaphyseal
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

Interstitial growth

58
Q

Consume and Must be from an external source

A

Essential vitamins and minerals

59
Q

Is bone growth in diameter

A

Appositional growth

60
Q

It occurs while interstitial growth is occurring

A

Appositional growth

61
Q

Begin to digest the lining of the marrow cavity, increasing its diameter

A

Osteoclasts

Appositional growth

62
Q

At the same rate ______ from the _______ migrate out of the inner, cellular layer and add new layer of bone to the outer circumference

A

Osteoblasts
Periosteum

Appositional growth

63
Q

This adds a _______ increasing the bones outer diameter

A

Circumferential diameter

Appositional growth

64
Q

How does exercise stimulate bone thickness and strength

A

Under stress the crystalline salts in the bone matrix give off weak electrical fields that stimulate osteoblasts activity

65
Q

What happens to bone when it is not utilized due to a lack of activity

A

Over time bone will lose mass osteolysis outperforms osteogenesis

Lose up to 1/3 of bone mass within a few months

66
Q

What types of minerals are required in our diet for normal skeletal growth

A

Calcium CA 2+
Iron FE 2+
Magnesium mg 2+
Fluoride F-
Manganese mn 2+
Phosphate po4

67
Q

Is vitamin D3, it is necessary for absorption of ca2 + po4 thru digestive lining

A

Calcitriol

68
Q

A pathology of bone that results in thin weak, flexible, bones due to a lack of vitamin D

A

Rickets

69
Q

What role does vitamin c play in bone development

A

Is necessary for key enzymes reactions in collagen formation

70
Q

Is a pathology of bone that results in thin weak, brittle bones due to a lack of vitamin C

A

Scurvy

71
Q

What roles do vitamin A play ?

A

Stimulates osteoblasts activity, is particularly important for normal bone growth in children

72
Q

Increase the absorption of calcium and phosphate in your digestive lining

A

Vitamins K and B12

73
Q

Produced by the pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone

74
Q

Produced by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine

75
Q

Stimulates protein synthesis and the rates of cell division and cell growth throughout the body

A

Growth hormone

76
Q

Stimulates cell metabolism and increases the rate of osteoblasts activity

A

Thyroxine

77
Q

What role do sex hormones play in bone growth and development ?

A

Cause massive bone growth

78
Q

Decrease or lack of bone growth; or decrease in bone mass due to age.

Non pathologic normal age related loss of bone mass

A

Osteopenia

79
Q

100% of humans experience

A

Osteopenia

80
Q

Occurs at a rapid rate in females sex hormones drop rapidly

A

Osteopenia

81
Q

Males lose ______ bone mass per decade

A

3-8 %

82
Q

Females lose _____ bone mass per decade

A

8-12 %

83
Q

Step 1 fracture repair

A

At fracture site vessels, blood, fracture hematoma develops

84
Q

Step 2 fracture repair

A

Fibroblasts form callus of collagen

85
Q

Step 3 fracture repair

A

Chondro blasts lay down cartilage

86
Q

Step 4 fracture repair

A

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel callus into spongy bone

87
Q

Step 5 fracture repair

A

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the spongy bone into compact bone

88
Q

Pathologic loss of bone mass; it affects bone formation

A

Osteoporosis

89
Q

Why do women experience osteoporosis

A

After menopause female sex hormones drop drastically osteoblasts reduce osteogenesis but osteoclasts remain in place

90
Q

Can lead to painful bacterial infection of the bone

A

Osteomyelitis

91
Q

Fracture where bone fragments have broken skin

A

Open fracture

92
Q

Where the skin is not broken

A

Closed fracture

93
Q

Where the fracture line goes across the long axis of the bone

A

Transverse fracture

94
Q

Fracture where spirals around and up the diaphysis

A

Spiral fracture

95
Q

Where fracture fragments have lost anatomical alignment

A

Displaced fracture

96
Q

Where fracture fragments maintain anatomical alignment

A

Non displaced fracture

97
Q

Fracture line does not cross the bone completely appears on one side of the bone

A

Green stick fracture

98
Q

Distal radius fracture

A

Colles fracture

99
Q

Distal tibia fibula fracture

A

Potts fracture

100
Q

Multiple fracture fragments shatter

A

Comminuted fracture

101
Q

Fractures that involve the growth plate

A

Epiphyseal fracture

102
Q

Are where two or more bones come together and interact

A

Articulations

103
Q

Move in one direction

A

Monoaxial

104
Q

Move in two directions

A

Diaxial

105
Q

Move in three directions

A

Triaxial

106
Q

Bony fusion with no movement

A

Synarthrosis

107
Q

Coxae skull bones epiphyseal lines, sutures of the skull

A

Synarthrosis

108
Q

Little movement usually CT connection

Ex. AC joint acromioclavicular joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

109
Q

Fully moveable joints

A

Diarthrosis

110
Q

The bones of the head and trunk, forms the longitudinal axis of the body

A

Axial skeleton

111
Q

Provides a framework that supports and protects the brain, the spinal cord, and the thoracic and abdominal organs.

A

Axial skeleton

112
Q

The _______ has 80 bones, about 40 percent of the bones in the human body

A

Axial skeleton

113
Q

The ________ includes the bones of the limbs and the supporting bone (pectoral and pelvic) girdles that connect them to the trunk

A

Appendicular skeleton

114
Q

Narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels forming a branching network through which osteocytes exchange nutrients

A

Canaculi

115
Q

Contain cytoplasmic extension of osteocytes thus supporting cell to cell communication

A

Canalculi

116
Q

Bone matrix forms layers called

A

Lamalle

117
Q

Isolates the bone from surrounding tissues

Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves

Takes part in bone growth and repair

A

Periosteum

118
Q

The bony skeleton begins to form about _____ after fertilization

A

Six weeks

119
Q

During development after birth, the bones undergo a tremendous increase in size. Bone growth continues through adolescence, and portions of the skeleton generally do not stop growing until about age

A

25

120
Q

Hip, knees, fingers, wrist, shoulder, elbow, ankles and toes are examples of ?

A

Diarthrosis

121
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body is?

A

Calcium

122
Q

Longer than they are wide

Ex. Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia and fibula

A

Long bones

123
Q

in compact bone grow in the same direction

A

Trabecule

124
Q

Spongy bone is also called

A

Cancellus bone

125
Q

Fills the epiphysis
Grows inside of the bone
Trabecule grow along stress lines in multiple directions

A

Spongy bone

126
Q

Bone is also in

A

Spongy bone

127
Q

Are the layers of bone tissue that grow around the diaphysis just deep to the periosteum

A

Circumferential lamalle

128
Q

The remains of old Osteons that are being eaten away

A

Interstitial lamalle

129
Q

Formation of bone within a cartilage model

A

Endochondral ossification

130
Q

Stress applied to crystalline salts of bone matrix, it gives off radiates energy.
This stimulates osteoblasts to migrate in and add more bone tissue

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity Osteogenesis

131
Q

Minerals are ?

A

Salts

132
Q

Stimulate enzyme reactions in the body

A

Vitamins

133
Q

Cholecalciferol gets converted to ?

A

Calcitriol

134
Q

Bowed legs are an example of

A

Rickets

135
Q

Increase osteoblast activity

A

Growth and thyroid hormones

136
Q

Bacteria on the skin

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions