Chapter 6, 7, & 8 Flashcards
1
Q
List the five functions of bone
A
Shape and support
Protection of viscera
Storage of nutrients
Levers for locomotion
Blood cell production
2
Q
Bone matrix stores calcium salts
Protein fibers;collagen elastic
Adipose (fat energy) bone marrow
A
Storage of nutrients for the bones
3
Q
Bones do not move
A
Levers of locomotion
4
Q
Blood cells are made in the ?
A
Bone marrow
5
Q
List the six shapes of bone
A
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Wormian
6
Q
Carpals and tarsals
A
Short bones
7
Q
Calvaria, cap of skull, clavicle, scapula, ribs and sternum
Mandible ilium, cranial bones of skull
A
Flat bone
8
Q
Bones that grow in dermis of skin
A
Dermal bones
9
Q
Patellae grow inside of tendons;patella
A
Sesamoid bones
10
Q
Connect skull sutures sutural bones
A
Wormian
11
Q
Bone growth in areas where bones don’t typically grow “Sesamoid bone”
A
Ectopic bone
12
Q
Long bone has an extended tubular shaft _____. At each end is an expanded area known as the ________.
A
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
13
Q
The diaphysis is connected to each epiphysis at a narrow zone known as the
A
Metaphysis
14
Q
Growth plate and epiphsyeal plate
Cartilage ?
A
Metaphysis
Hyaline
15
Q
Lines marrow cavities;fills epiphysis
A
Spongy bone cancellous bone
16
Q
Marrow cavity;space in between the bone
A
Medullary cavity
17
Q
Membrane that surrounds the bone
A
Periosteum
18
Q
Membrane surrounding the spongy bone;marrow cavity
A
Endosteum
19
Q
At the microscopic level, the basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the
A
Osteon/haversian
20
Q
In an osteon, the osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers (rings) around a vascular ______?
A
Central canal
21
Q
Each ring of an osteon is called
A
Concentric lamellae
22
Q
Contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes, thus supporting cell to cell communication between osteocytes in different lacunae and access to nutrients supplied by blood vessels in the central canal.
A
Canaculi
23
Q
Periosteum has two layers
A
- Cellular layer filled with osteo blasts and osteo progenitors
- Fibrous layer dense connective tissue
24
Q
Femurs
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Tibia
Fibia
A
Long bones
25
Vertebrae
Irregular bones
26
Shaft of the long bone
Diaphysis
27
Cortical bone is ?
Trabecule all grow in the same direction
Found in the walls of diaphysis
Compact bone
28
Found in walls of the diaphysis and outer shell of the epiphysis
Compact bone
29
Osteons and lamalle run in the same direction. Can withstand stresses along the length of the bone
Compact bone
30
Osteons and lamalle trabecule that grow in the same directions along the stress lines (multiple directions)
Spongy bone
31
Is the struts in spongy bone
Trabecule
32
Stem cells (embryonic mesenchymel in their state) underdeveloped precursors to bone cells. Highly mitotic develop into osteoblasts
Found in periosteum & endosteum
Osteo progenitors
33
Immature bone cells; mitotic; build bone matrix (osteogenesis)
Osteoblasts
34
Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae;maintain bone matrix
Osteocytes
35
Destroyer: white blood cells (immune cells) secrete acids and enzymes that digest bone. Osteolysis
Large, multinuclaeic leukocytes
Osteoclasts
36
1. What is hydroxyapatite ? and what are its major components ?
1. Bone matrix
2. 2 components
Organic part= protein, fibers, collagen, elastin
Inorganic part= calcium salts
37
What are the calcium salts in hydroxyapatite?
Calcium chloride
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Calcium hydroxide
38
The skeleton begins forming at about ______ after conception and continues through adolescence
6 weeks
39
Bone growth is completed somewhere between the ages of
18 to 25 years of age
40
Depositing of calcium within a tissue
Calcification
41
Refers specifically to the formation of bone
Ossification
42
There are two major types of ossification
Endochondrial
Intramembranous
43
This is the replacement of cartilage by bone. During development a cartilage model of each bone forms within the developing fetus. Overtime the cartilage is broken down and replaced by bone
Endochondrial ossification
44
This is the replacement of mesenchyme by bone.
Occurs in dermis of skin
Intramembranous ossification
45
It occurs within a fibrous layer of a membrane associated with the dermis of the skin
Intramembranous ossification
46
Hyaline cartilage model 1
Within a hyaline cartilage Chondrocytes swell up and die
47
Hyaline cartilage model 2
Blood vessels penetrate the model
Perichondria converts to periosteum to form a collar
48
Hyaline cartilage model 3
Within center of diaphysis a primary ossification center is formed
49
Hyaline cartilage model 4
A marrow cavity is formed by osteoclasts
Bone continues to grow out from the ossification center
50
Hyaline cartilage model 5
As Chondrocytes die in epiphysis 2nd ossification center forms there
51
Hyaline cartilage model 6
We continue to remodel spongy bone into compact bone
52
Occurs in a layer of mensenchymal tissue that forms a layer within the dermis
Intramembranous ossification
53
Bones grow longer by a process called _________.
Interstitial growth
54
When bones seem to be completely formed early in life there is still some hyaline cartilage left in the epiphyseal plates and on the articular surfaces. As long as the epiphyseal plates are open bones can continue to ?
Grow longer
55
On the _______ side of the growth plate, _______ divide by _______
Epiphyseal
Chondroblast
Mitosis
Interstitial growth
56
These new cells lay down ________which pushes the ________ out away from the diaphysis, lengthening the bone
Cartilage
Epiphysis
Interstitial growth
57
At the same rate, on the ______ side of the growth plate, _______ remove old cartilage and _______ replace it with bone
Diaphyseal
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Interstitial growth
58
Consume and Must be from an external source
Essential vitamins and minerals
59
Is bone growth in diameter
Appositional growth
60
It occurs while interstitial growth is occurring
Appositional growth
61
Begin to digest the lining of the marrow cavity, increasing its diameter
Osteoclasts
Appositional growth
62
At the same rate ______ from the _______ migrate out of the inner, cellular layer and add new layer of bone to the outer circumference
Osteoblasts
Periosteum
Appositional growth
63
This adds a _______ increasing the bones outer diameter
Circumferential diameter
Appositional growth
64
How does exercise stimulate bone thickness and strength
Under stress the crystalline salts in the bone matrix give off weak electrical fields that stimulate osteoblasts activity
65
What happens to bone when it is not utilized due to a lack of activity
Over time bone will lose mass osteolysis outperforms osteogenesis
Lose up to 1/3 of bone mass within a few months
66
What types of minerals are required in our diet for normal skeletal growth
Calcium CA 2+
Iron FE 2+
Magnesium mg 2+
Fluoride F-
Manganese mn 2+
Phosphate po4
67
Is vitamin D3, it is necessary for absorption of ca2 + po4 thru digestive lining
Calcitriol
68
A pathology of bone that results in thin weak, flexible, bones due to a lack of vitamin D
Rickets
69
What role does vitamin c play in bone development
Is necessary for key enzymes reactions in collagen formation
70
Is a pathology of bone that results in thin weak, brittle bones due to a lack of vitamin C
Scurvy
71
What roles do vitamin A play ?
Stimulates osteoblasts activity, is particularly important for normal bone growth in children
72
Increase the absorption of calcium and phosphate in your digestive lining
Vitamins K and B12
73
Produced by the pituitary gland
Growth hormone
74
Produced by the thyroid gland
Thyroxine
75
Stimulates protein synthesis and the rates of cell division and cell growth throughout the body
Growth hormone
76
Stimulates cell metabolism and increases the rate of osteoblasts activity
Thyroxine
77
What role do sex hormones play in bone growth and development ?
Cause massive bone growth
78
Decrease or lack of bone growth; or decrease in bone mass due to age.
Non pathologic normal age related loss of bone mass
Osteopenia
79
100% of humans experience
Osteopenia
80
Occurs at a rapid rate in females sex hormones drop rapidly
Osteopenia
81
Males lose ______ bone mass per decade
3-8 %
82
Females lose _____ bone mass per decade
8-12 %
83
Step 1 fracture repair
At fracture site vessels, blood, fracture hematoma develops
84
Step 2 fracture repair
Fibroblasts form callus of collagen
85
Step 3 fracture repair
Chondro blasts lay down cartilage
86
Step 4 fracture repair
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel callus into spongy bone
87
Step 5 fracture repair
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the spongy bone into compact bone
88
Pathologic loss of bone mass; it affects bone formation
Osteoporosis
89
Why do women experience osteoporosis
After menopause female sex hormones drop drastically osteoblasts reduce osteogenesis but osteoclasts remain in place
90
Can lead to painful bacterial infection of the bone
Osteomyelitis
91
Fracture where bone fragments have broken skin
Open fracture
92
Where the skin is not broken
Closed fracture
93
Where the fracture line goes across the long axis of the bone
Transverse fracture
94
Fracture where spirals around and up the diaphysis
Spiral fracture
95
Where fracture fragments have lost anatomical alignment
Displaced fracture
96
Where fracture fragments maintain anatomical alignment
Non displaced fracture
97
Fracture line does not cross the bone completely appears on one side of the bone
Green stick fracture
98
Distal radius fracture
Colles fracture
99
Distal tibia fibula fracture
Potts fracture
100
Multiple fracture fragments shatter
Comminuted fracture
101
Fractures that involve the growth plate
Epiphyseal fracture
102
Are where two or more bones come together and interact
Articulations
103
Move in one direction
Monoaxial
104
Move in two directions
Diaxial
105
Move in three directions
Triaxial
106
Bony fusion with no movement
Synarthrosis
107
Coxae skull bones epiphyseal lines, sutures of the skull
Synarthrosis
108
Little movement usually CT connection
Ex. AC joint acromioclavicular joint
Amphiarthrosis
109
Fully moveable joints
Diarthrosis
110
The bones of the head and trunk, forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Axial skeleton
111
Provides a framework that supports and protects the brain, the spinal cord, and the thoracic and abdominal organs.
Axial skeleton
112
The _______ has 80 bones, about 40 percent of the bones in the human body
Axial skeleton
113
The ________ includes the bones of the limbs and the supporting bone (pectoral and pelvic) girdles that connect them to the trunk
Appendicular skeleton
114
Narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels forming a branching network through which osteocytes exchange nutrients
Canaculi
115
Contain cytoplasmic extension of osteocytes thus supporting cell to cell communication
Canalculi
116
Bone matrix forms layers called
Lamalle
117
Isolates the bone from surrounding tissues
Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves
Takes part in bone growth and repair
Periosteum
118
The bony skeleton begins to form about _____ after fertilization
Six weeks
119
During development after birth, the bones undergo a tremendous increase in size. Bone growth continues through adolescence, and portions of the skeleton generally do not stop growing until about age
25
120
Hip, knees, fingers, wrist, shoulder, elbow, ankles and toes are examples of ?
Diarthrosis
121
Most abundant mineral in the body is?
Calcium
122
Longer than they are wide
Ex. Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia and fibula
Long bones
123
in compact bone grow in the same direction
Trabecule
124
Spongy bone is also called
Cancellus bone
125
Fills the epiphysis
Grows inside of the bone
Trabecule grow along stress lines in multiple directions
Spongy bone
126
Bone is also in
Spongy bone
127
Are the layers of bone tissue that grow around the diaphysis just deep to the periosteum
Circumferential lamalle
128
The remains of old Osteons that are being eaten away
Interstitial lamalle
129
Formation of bone within a cartilage model
Endochondral ossification
130
Stress applied to crystalline salts of bone matrix, it gives off radiates energy.
This stimulates osteoblasts to migrate in and add more bone tissue
Stimulates osteoblast activity Osteogenesis
131
Minerals are ?
Salts
132
Stimulate enzyme reactions in the body
Vitamins
133
Cholecalciferol gets converted to ?
Calcitriol
134
Bowed legs are an example of
Rickets
135
Increase osteoblast activity
Growth and thyroid hormones
136
Bacteria on the skin
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
