Chapter 14 Flashcards
1
Q
Is made of somata and unmylienated axons, it appears darker or gray in color due to lack of mylienation
A
Gray matter
2
Q
Is made up of mylienated axons, the mylienation, provided by oligodendrocytes, gives it a whiter or lighter appearance than gray matter.
A
White matter
3
Q
Brain stem consists of
A
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
4
Q
Connects directly to the spinal cord, is the lowest an most primitive part of the brain, and controls basic vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestive functions
A
Medulla
5
Q
Sits on top of the medulla, is a bridge to the cerebellum, and carries fibers that relay information to and from the cerebellum regarding motor control.
A
Pons
6
Q
The _____ also houses two centers that are involved in regulating respiratory rhythms
A
Pons
7
Q
Controls muscle patterns for posture, walking, and visual and auditory reflexes
A
Midbrain
8
Q
Coordinates somatic motor patterns and muscle memory like dancing, juggling, shooting a basketball, playing a musical instrument
A
Cerebellum
9
Q
Consists of the hypothalamus and thalamus
A
Diencephalon
10
Q
Contains numerous center or nuclei that regulate the internal environment including body temperature, hunger, sex drive, emotions, and hormones
A
Hypothalamus
11
Q
Contains nuclei and centers involved in filtering and relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex
A
Thalamus
12
Q
Highest level of thinking, problem solving, sequential, complex thought
A
Cerebrum
13
Q
Border between cerebrum and lower brain
A
Limbic system
14
Q
Memory and learning
A
Hippocampus
15
Q
Converts thoughts to physiological response, response feelings of emotions
A
Amygdala
16
Q
Bridge from frontal lobe to occipital lobe from R side to L side
A
Corpus callosum
17
Q
Connects nervous system to endocrine system “hormones”
Also controls pituitary hormones
Also monitors body temp, PH, concentration of certain substances in blood NA, CA, CL, Ph, o2, Co
A
Hypothalamus
18
Q
Involved in instinctual behavior, emotions, fear, and long term memory formation and retrieval
A
Limbic system
19
Q
Is a filtrate of blood that bathes neurons with nutrients and ions necessary for brain function.
A
CSF
20
Q
There are two lateral ventricles, one in each hemisphere just above the thalamus. They are separated from each other by a thin membrane called the
A
Septum pellucidum
21
Q
The ____ is the outer most layer and is thick and tough due to numerous collagen fibers
A
Dura mater
22
Q
The _____ is the middle layer and lies deep to the dura mater
A
Arachnoid mater
23
Q
The _____ is the deepest of the three layers and is tightly adhered to the surface of the brain
A
Pia mater
24
Q
The CSF is a clear fluid that is filtered out of specialized capillary beds called the
A
Choroid plexus
25
Delivers glucose, other nutrients, and ions necessary to keep neurons functioning properly. It also wastes away wastes and debris to be reabsorbed back into the blood stream
CSF
26
The blood brain barrier is maintained by
Astrocytes
27
Monitors electrolytes and water concentrations and is the brains link to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
28
Secretes a number of hormones into the blood controlling numerous other hormones and endocrine glands.
Pituitary gland
29
Is often called the master control gland
Pituitary gland
30
Secretes a hormone called melatonin into the blood which regulates our day/night rhythms
Pineal gland
31
A network of specialized blood vessels that produces CSF
Choroid plexus
32
Processes sensory and motor information that we are consciously aware of
Performs intellectual functions like thinking and problem solving
Cerebrum
33
The _____ is part of the frontal lobe and contains the primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus
34
The_______ contains neurons that control voluntary somatic motor movements
Primary motor cortex
35
The _____ is the primary sensory cortex and receives sensory information regarding touch, temperature, vibration, pressure, and pain from specific areas of the body
Post central gyrus
36
Houses the olfactory cortex that interprets smells, and auditory cortex that interrupts sounds
Temporal lobe
37
Houses the visual cortex that interprets what we see
Occipital lobe
38
Found in the area that lies just anterior to the precentral gyrus called the pre motor cortex. It receives sensory information from the interpretative area and coordinates contraction of muscles necessary to vocalize
Speech area brocas brain
39
Located at the most anterior area of the frontal lobe. It receives and interprets information from many other areas of the brain to perform intellectual functions. It does a tremendous amount of thinking about sequential events, what happens first, next, and then last cause and effect situations
Prefrontal cortex
40
Specializing in interpreting speech, reading, and writing, as well as analytical tasks like math, logic, and science.
Left hemisphere
41
Specializes in interpreting non verbal sounds music, bird chirps, barking dogs, and visual information shapes, colors, forms.
Right hemisphere
42
The functions of the Limbic system
1. Establishes our emotional state
2. Link conscious intellectual functions with subconscious autonomic functions
3. Facilitate conversion of short term memory into long term memory
4. Storage of long term memory
5. Retrieval of memory
43
Facilitates conversion of shorter memory into long term memory
Storage of long term memory
Retrieval of memory
Hippocampus
44
An endocrine organ that hangs off the posterior edge of the Diencephalon. It secretes a hormone called melatonin that controls circadian rhythm’s
Pineal gland
45
Coordinates visual reflexes
Superior colliculus
46
Coordinate auditory reflexes
Inferior colliculus
47
Cranial nerve 1
Olfactory smell
Type : sensory
48
Cranial nerve 2
Optic nerve sight vision
Type sensory
49
Cranial nerve 3
Oculomotor moves eyeball
Type : motor
50
Cranial nerve 4
Trochlear moves eyeball
Type : mixed
51
Cranial nerve 5
Trigeminal muscles of mastication
Mixed
52
Cranial nerve 6
Abducens moves eyeball
Type motor
53
Cranial nerve 7
Facial Facial expressions
Type mixed
54
Cranial nerve 8
Vestibularcochlear auditory
Type sensory
55
Cranial nerve 9
Glossalpharyngeal swallowing
Type mixed
56
Cranial nerve 10
Vagus visecera of thorax
Type mixed
57
Cranial nerve 11
Spinal accessory voluntary throat muscles
Type motor
58
Cranial nerve 12
Hypoglossal moves tongue
Type motor
59
3 sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
60
Back of tongue
Glossalpharyngeal cranial nerve 9
61
Front of tongue
Facial nerve cranial nerve 7
62
Sensations from skin and skeletal muscle
Somatic sensory
63
Sensation from guts
Visceral sensory
64
Motor control of skeletal muscle
Somatic motor
65
Motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle
Visceral motor
66
Accommodate additional nerves for the upper limbs
Cervical enlargement
67
Accommodates additional nerves for the lower legs
Lumbar enlargement
68
Holds the spinal cord to length connective tissue
Filum terminate
69
Hole that is continuous with the 4th ventricle contains cerebral spinal fluid
Central canal
70
Contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
Posterior gray horn
71
Contains the visceral motor nuclei
Lateral gray horn
72
Contains the somatic motor nuclei
Anterior gray horn
73
Contains unmylinated axons that cross the spinal cord
Gray commissures
74
Contain mylienated axons that cross the spinal cord
White commissures
75
Contain bundle of axons that share common origins and destinations
White columns
76
Contains axons of visceral and somatic sensory neurons that enter the spinal cord
Dorsal root
77
Contains the somata sensory neurons that enter the spinal cord
Dorsal root ganglion
78
Contains the axons of motor neurons exiting the spinal cord
Ventral root
79
Sensory and motor
Spinal nerve
80
Covers the entire nerve
Divides the nerve into bundles called fascicles
Surrounds individual axons within the fascicles
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endonerium
81
All neurons carrying sensory information from the skin, muscles, and viscera of the back enter the spinal nerve through the
Dorsal ramus
82
All neurons carrying sensory information from the skin, muscles, and viscera of the front, sides, and limbs enter the spinal nerve through the
Ventral ramus
83
All motor neurons carrying somatic motor commands to the skin and muscles of the back leave the spinal nerve and exit through the
Dorsal ramus
84
All motor neurons carrying somatic motor commands to the skin and muscles of the front, sides, and limbs leave the spinal nerve and exit through the
Ventral ramus
85
The ______ is made up of the white mylienated and the gray unmyelinated rami
Rami communicantes
86
These branches carry visceral sensory information from the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities into the spinal cord. They also can carry visceral autonomic motor information from the spinal cord to the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Rami communicantes
87
The ganglionic neuron will send its unmyelinated postganglionic fiber out the gray ramus and out the dorsal ramus
Motor pathway to posterior wall viscera
88
The ganglionic neuron will send its unmyelinated post ganglionic fiber out the gray ramus and out the ventral ramus
Motor pathway to the anterior wall, lateral wall, and limbs
89
It then passes through the white ramus and then synapses on a ganglionic neuron in the autonomic ganglion
Motor pathway to thoracic viscera
90
It then passes through the white ramus and then synapses on a ganglionic neuron in the intramural ganglion
Motor pathway to the abdominopelvic viscera
91
Nerve named for the vertebra that comes after the number
C1-C7
92
Keeps the diaphragm alive
C3, C4, C5
93
Innervates muscles of the neck. Also contains the ______ which innervates the diaphragm
Cervical plexus
Phrenic nerve
94
Innervates shoulder girdle and arm. The _____ controls extensor muscles and the ______ Innervates the flexor muscles of the forearm
Brachial plexus
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
95
Innervates the pelvis. Includes the ______ which Innervates the skin of the inner thigh
Lumbar plexus
Femoral nerve
96
Innervates the leg. The _____ Innervates some of the thigh and the lower leg.
The sacral plexus includes fhe _____ which Innervates the anal and urethral sphincters
Sacral plexus
Sciatic nerve
Pundendal
97
Neural ______ are automatic motor responses to specific stimuli that help maintain homeostasis and protect the body from physical damage
Reflexes
98
A typical reflex arc has five steps
1. Stimulus activation of sensory receptor
2. Activation of sensory neuron
3. Information processing
4. Activation of motor neuron
5. Response to effector
99
Inborn reflexes such as suckling, blinking, chewing
Innate reflexes
100
Learned reflexes such a as walking, balancing, riding a bike
Acquired reflexes
101
Reflexes involving cranial nerves like auditory and visual reflexes
Cranial reflexes
102
Reflexes involving spinal nerves like withdrawal reflexes
Spinal reflexes
103
Reflexes involving skeletal muscles that move the body
Somatic reflexes
104
Reflexes involving smooth and cardiac muscle
Visceral reflexes
105
These are the simplest reflex arcs involving a single neuron synapsing on a motor neuron.
Ex. Patellar tendon reflex stretch reflex
Monosynaptic reflex
106
These are complex reflexes and involve sensory neurons synapsing on interneurons which then synapse on one or more motor neurons
Polysynaptic reflex
107
Involves withdrawing a hand or forearm from a painful stimulus
Withdrawal reflex
108
Withdrawal reflexes are sometimes described as ________ because the response occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus
Ex. Sticking your hand in extremely hot water
Ipsilateral
109
Involves withdrawing a foot or leg from a painful stimulus
Crossed extensor reflex
110
Crossed extensor reflex is also called ______ because it requires action on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus
Contralateral reflexes
111
Is either the sensory receptor cell or a neuron attached to a specialized sensory receptor
First order neuron
112
Are usually bipolar neurons and extend their axon through the dorsal root and the soma is in the dorsal root ganglion
First order neurons
113
The ______ has its soma in the posterior gray horn and extends its axon up the spinal cord through an ascending tract, usually crossing over at some point, and synapsing on the third order neuron in the thalamus
Second order neuron
114
The ______ has its soma in the thalamus and extends its axon through the cerebral nuclei and synapses on the cerebral cortex, usually in the primary sensory cortex
Third order neuron
115
All sensory tracts coursing through the spinal cord must go up or ascend the spinal cord toward the brain and are therefore called
Ascending tracts
116
The _______ has its soma in the brain cerebrum and cerebellum and extends an axon down to the brain stem for cranial nerves, or down the spinal cord to the anterior gray horn for spinal nerves.
Upper motor neuron
117
The _______ has its soma in the anterior gray horn and extends its axon out the spinal nerve to the appropriate effector.
Lower motor neuron
118
All motor tracts are
Descending
119
Soma location: dorsal root ganglion
Axon location : dorsal root
First order neuron.
120
Soma location: posterior gray horn
Axon location : spinal cord
Second order
121
Soma location : thalamus
Axon location : cerebral nuclei
Third order
122
Extend from various levels of the spinal cord and carry sensations of pain, temperature, and crude touch to the thalamus
Ascending tracts
Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts
123
Extend from spinal cord and carry sensations for proprioception to the cerebellum
Ascending tracts
Posterior and anterior spinocerebllar tracts
124
Extend from the primary cortex through the brain stem and to the somatic motor nuclei of the anterior gray horns
Descending motor
LaterAl and anterior corticospinal tracts
125
Extend from the primary motor cortex out the cranial nerves that control movement of the eyes, mandible, face and some muscles of the neck and pharynx
Descending motor
Corticobuliar tracts
126
Extend from the medulla to the anterior gray horns and regulate involuntary control and balance and muscle tone
Descending motor
Vestibulospinal tracts
127
Extend from the midbrain and extend out specific cranial nerves for eye movement, as well as the anterior gray horns for head, neck, and arm movement for visuals and auditory reflexes
Descending motor
Tectospinal tracts
128
Location: parallel to each side of the spinal cord
Innervation : visceral effectors in the skin, sweat glands, thoracic viscera
Sympathetic chain ganglia
129
Location : unpaired ganglia in the abdominal cavity
Innervation : abdominal organs
Collateral ganglia
130
Location: central part of adrenal glands
Innervation : release Ne into bloodstream for full body sympathetic release
Adrenal medulla
