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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Is made of somata and unmylienated axons, it appears darker or gray in color due to lack of mylienation

A

Gray matter

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2
Q

Is made up of mylienated axons, the mylienation, provided by oligodendrocytes, gives it a whiter or lighter appearance than gray matter.

A

White matter

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3
Q

Brain stem consists of

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

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4
Q

Connects directly to the spinal cord, is the lowest an most primitive part of the brain, and controls basic vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestive functions

A

Medulla

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5
Q

Sits on top of the medulla, is a bridge to the cerebellum, and carries fibers that relay information to and from the cerebellum regarding motor control.

A

Pons

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6
Q

The _____ also houses two centers that are involved in regulating respiratory rhythms

A

Pons

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7
Q

Controls muscle patterns for posture, walking, and visual and auditory reflexes

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

Coordinates somatic motor patterns and muscle memory like dancing, juggling, shooting a basketball, playing a musical instrument

A

Cerebellum

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9
Q

Consists of the hypothalamus and thalamus

A

Diencephalon

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10
Q

Contains numerous center or nuclei that regulate the internal environment including body temperature, hunger, sex drive, emotions, and hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

Contains nuclei and centers involved in filtering and relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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12
Q

Highest level of thinking, problem solving, sequential, complex thought

A

Cerebrum

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13
Q

Border between cerebrum and lower brain

A

Limbic system

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14
Q

Memory and learning

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

Converts thoughts to physiological response, response feelings of emotions

A

Amygdala

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16
Q

Bridge from frontal lobe to occipital lobe from R side to L side

A

Corpus callosum

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17
Q

Connects nervous system to endocrine system “hormones”
Also controls pituitary hormones
Also monitors body temp, PH, concentration of certain substances in blood NA, CA, CL, Ph, o2, Co

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Involved in instinctual behavior, emotions, fear, and long term memory formation and retrieval

A

Limbic system

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19
Q

Is a filtrate of blood that bathes neurons with nutrients and ions necessary for brain function.

A

CSF

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20
Q

There are two lateral ventricles, one in each hemisphere just above the thalamus. They are separated from each other by a thin membrane called the

A

Septum pellucidum

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21
Q

The ____ is the outer most layer and is thick and tough due to numerous collagen fibers

A

Dura mater

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22
Q

The _____ is the middle layer and lies deep to the dura mater

A

Arachnoid mater

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23
Q

The _____ is the deepest of the three layers and is tightly adhered to the surface of the brain

A

Pia mater

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24
Q

The CSF is a clear fluid that is filtered out of specialized capillary beds called the

A

Choroid plexus

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25
Q

Delivers glucose, other nutrients, and ions necessary to keep neurons functioning properly. It also wastes away wastes and debris to be reabsorbed back into the blood stream

A

CSF

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26
Q

The blood brain barrier is maintained by

A

Astrocytes

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27
Q

Monitors electrolytes and water concentrations and is the brains link to the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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28
Q

Secretes a number of hormones into the blood controlling numerous other hormones and endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary gland

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29
Q

Is often called the master control gland

A

Pituitary gland

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30
Q

Secretes a hormone called melatonin into the blood which regulates our day/night rhythms

A

Pineal gland

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31
Q

A network of specialized blood vessels that produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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32
Q

Processes sensory and motor information that we are consciously aware of
Performs intellectual functions like thinking and problem solving

A

Cerebrum

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33
Q

The _____ is part of the frontal lobe and contains the primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

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34
Q

The_______ contains neurons that control voluntary somatic motor movements

A

Primary motor cortex

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35
Q

The _____ is the primary sensory cortex and receives sensory information regarding touch, temperature, vibration, pressure, and pain from specific areas of the body

A

Post central gyrus

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36
Q

Houses the olfactory cortex that interprets smells, and auditory cortex that interrupts sounds

A

Temporal lobe

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37
Q

Houses the visual cortex that interprets what we see

A

Occipital lobe

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38
Q

Found in the area that lies just anterior to the precentral gyrus called the pre motor cortex. It receives sensory information from the interpretative area and coordinates contraction of muscles necessary to vocalize

A

Speech area brocas brain

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39
Q

Located at the most anterior area of the frontal lobe. It receives and interprets information from many other areas of the brain to perform intellectual functions. It does a tremendous amount of thinking about sequential events, what happens first, next, and then last cause and effect situations

A

Prefrontal cortex

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40
Q

Specializing in interpreting speech, reading, and writing, as well as analytical tasks like math, logic, and science.

A

Left hemisphere

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41
Q

Specializes in interpreting non verbal sounds music, bird chirps, barking dogs, and visual information shapes, colors, forms.

A

Right hemisphere

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42
Q

The functions of the Limbic system

A
  1. Establishes our emotional state
  2. Link conscious intellectual functions with subconscious autonomic functions
  3. Facilitate conversion of short term memory into long term memory
  4. Storage of long term memory
  5. Retrieval of memory
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43
Q

Facilitates conversion of shorter memory into long term memory
Storage of long term memory
Retrieval of memory

A

Hippocampus

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44
Q

An endocrine organ that hangs off the posterior edge of the Diencephalon. It secretes a hormone called melatonin that controls circadian rhythm’s

A

Pineal gland

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45
Q

Coordinates visual reflexes

A

Superior colliculus

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46
Q

Coordinate auditory reflexes

A

Inferior colliculus

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47
Q

Cranial nerve 1

A

Olfactory smell

Type : sensory

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48
Q

Cranial nerve 2

A

Optic nerve sight vision

Type sensory

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49
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A

Oculomotor moves eyeball

Type : motor

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50
Q

Cranial nerve 4

A

Trochlear moves eyeball

Type : mixed

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51
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal muscles of mastication

Mixed

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52
Q

Cranial nerve 6

A

Abducens moves eyeball

Type motor

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53
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A

Facial Facial expressions

Type mixed

54
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibularcochlear auditory

Type sensory

55
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A

Glossalpharyngeal swallowing

Type mixed

56
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A

Vagus visecera of thorax

Type mixed

57
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A

Spinal accessory voluntary throat muscles

Type motor

58
Q

Cranial nerve 12

A

Hypoglossal moves tongue

Type motor

59
Q

3 sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

60
Q

Back of tongue

A

Glossalpharyngeal cranial nerve 9

61
Q

Front of tongue

A

Facial nerve cranial nerve 7

62
Q

Sensations from skin and skeletal muscle

A

Somatic sensory

63
Q

Sensation from guts

A

Visceral sensory

64
Q

Motor control of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic motor

65
Q

Motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Visceral motor

66
Q

Accommodate additional nerves for the upper limbs

A

Cervical enlargement

67
Q

Accommodates additional nerves for the lower legs

A

Lumbar enlargement

68
Q

Holds the spinal cord to length connective tissue

A

Filum terminate

69
Q

Hole that is continuous with the 4th ventricle contains cerebral spinal fluid

A

Central canal

70
Q

Contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

A

Posterior gray horn

71
Q

Contains the visceral motor nuclei

A

Lateral gray horn

72
Q

Contains the somatic motor nuclei

A

Anterior gray horn

73
Q

Contains unmylinated axons that cross the spinal cord

A

Gray commissures

74
Q

Contain mylienated axons that cross the spinal cord

A

White commissures

75
Q

Contain bundle of axons that share common origins and destinations

A

White columns

76
Q

Contains axons of visceral and somatic sensory neurons that enter the spinal cord

A

Dorsal root

77
Q

Contains the somata sensory neurons that enter the spinal cord

A

Dorsal root ganglion

78
Q

Contains the axons of motor neurons exiting the spinal cord

A

Ventral root

79
Q

Sensory and motor

A

Spinal nerve

80
Q

Covers the entire nerve

Divides the nerve into bundles called fascicles

Surrounds individual axons within the fascicles

A

Epineurium

Perineurium

Endonerium

81
Q

All neurons carrying sensory information from the skin, muscles, and viscera of the back enter the spinal nerve through the

A

Dorsal ramus

82
Q

All neurons carrying sensory information from the skin, muscles, and viscera of the front, sides, and limbs enter the spinal nerve through the

A

Ventral ramus

83
Q

All motor neurons carrying somatic motor commands to the skin and muscles of the back leave the spinal nerve and exit through the

A

Dorsal ramus

84
Q

All motor neurons carrying somatic motor commands to the skin and muscles of the front, sides, and limbs leave the spinal nerve and exit through the

A

Ventral ramus

85
Q

The ______ is made up of the white mylienated and the gray unmyelinated rami

A

Rami communicantes

86
Q

These branches carry visceral sensory information from the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities into the spinal cord. They also can carry visceral autonomic motor information from the spinal cord to the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

Rami communicantes

87
Q

The ganglionic neuron will send its unmyelinated postganglionic fiber out the gray ramus and out the dorsal ramus

A

Motor pathway to posterior wall viscera

88
Q

The ganglionic neuron will send its unmyelinated post ganglionic fiber out the gray ramus and out the ventral ramus

A

Motor pathway to the anterior wall, lateral wall, and limbs

89
Q

It then passes through the white ramus and then synapses on a ganglionic neuron in the autonomic ganglion

A

Motor pathway to thoracic viscera

90
Q

It then passes through the white ramus and then synapses on a ganglionic neuron in the intramural ganglion

A

Motor pathway to the abdominopelvic viscera

91
Q

Nerve named for the vertebra that comes after the number

A

C1-C7

92
Q

Keeps the diaphragm alive

A

C3, C4, C5

93
Q

Innervates muscles of the neck. Also contains the ______ which innervates the diaphragm

A

Cervical plexus

Phrenic nerve

94
Q

Innervates shoulder girdle and arm. The _____ controls extensor muscles and the ______ Innervates the flexor muscles of the forearm

A

Brachial plexus

Radial nerve

Ulnar nerve

95
Q

Innervates the pelvis. Includes the ______ which Innervates the skin of the inner thigh

A

Lumbar plexus

Femoral nerve

96
Q

Innervates the leg. The _____ Innervates some of the thigh and the lower leg.
The sacral plexus includes fhe _____ which Innervates the anal and urethral sphincters

A

Sacral plexus

Sciatic nerve

Pundendal

97
Q

Neural ______ are automatic motor responses to specific stimuli that help maintain homeostasis and protect the body from physical damage

A

Reflexes

98
Q

A typical reflex arc has five steps

A
  1. Stimulus activation of sensory receptor
  2. Activation of sensory neuron
  3. Information processing
  4. Activation of motor neuron
  5. Response to effector
99
Q

Inborn reflexes such as suckling, blinking, chewing

A

Innate reflexes

100
Q

Learned reflexes such a as walking, balancing, riding a bike

A

Acquired reflexes

101
Q

Reflexes involving cranial nerves like auditory and visual reflexes

A

Cranial reflexes

102
Q

Reflexes involving spinal nerves like withdrawal reflexes

A

Spinal reflexes

103
Q

Reflexes involving skeletal muscles that move the body

A

Somatic reflexes

104
Q

Reflexes involving smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Visceral reflexes

105
Q

These are the simplest reflex arcs involving a single neuron synapsing on a motor neuron.
Ex. Patellar tendon reflex stretch reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex

106
Q

These are complex reflexes and involve sensory neurons synapsing on interneurons which then synapse on one or more motor neurons

A

Polysynaptic reflex

107
Q

Involves withdrawing a hand or forearm from a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal reflex

108
Q

Withdrawal reflexes are sometimes described as ________ because the response occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus

Ex. Sticking your hand in extremely hot water

A

Ipsilateral

109
Q

Involves withdrawing a foot or leg from a painful stimulus

A

Crossed extensor reflex

110
Q

Crossed extensor reflex is also called ______ because it requires action on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus

A

Contralateral reflexes

111
Q

Is either the sensory receptor cell or a neuron attached to a specialized sensory receptor

A

First order neuron

112
Q

Are usually bipolar neurons and extend their axon through the dorsal root and the soma is in the dorsal root ganglion

A

First order neurons

113
Q

The ______ has its soma in the posterior gray horn and extends its axon up the spinal cord through an ascending tract, usually crossing over at some point, and synapsing on the third order neuron in the thalamus

A

Second order neuron

114
Q

The ______ has its soma in the thalamus and extends its axon through the cerebral nuclei and synapses on the cerebral cortex, usually in the primary sensory cortex

A

Third order neuron

115
Q

All sensory tracts coursing through the spinal cord must go up or ascend the spinal cord toward the brain and are therefore called

A

Ascending tracts

116
Q

The _______ has its soma in the brain cerebrum and cerebellum and extends an axon down to the brain stem for cranial nerves, or down the spinal cord to the anterior gray horn for spinal nerves.

A

Upper motor neuron

117
Q

The _______ has its soma in the anterior gray horn and extends its axon out the spinal nerve to the appropriate effector.

A

Lower motor neuron

118
Q

All motor tracts are

A

Descending

119
Q

Soma location: dorsal root ganglion

Axon location : dorsal root

A

First order neuron.

120
Q

Soma location: posterior gray horn

Axon location : spinal cord

A

Second order

121
Q

Soma location : thalamus

Axon location : cerebral nuclei

A

Third order

122
Q

Extend from various levels of the spinal cord and carry sensations of pain, temperature, and crude touch to the thalamus

Ascending tracts

A

Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts

123
Q

Extend from spinal cord and carry sensations for proprioception to the cerebellum

Ascending tracts

A

Posterior and anterior spinocerebllar tracts

124
Q

Extend from the primary cortex through the brain stem and to the somatic motor nuclei of the anterior gray horns

Descending motor

A

LaterAl and anterior corticospinal tracts

125
Q

Extend from the primary motor cortex out the cranial nerves that control movement of the eyes, mandible, face and some muscles of the neck and pharynx

Descending motor

A

Corticobuliar tracts

126
Q

Extend from the medulla to the anterior gray horns and regulate involuntary control and balance and muscle tone

Descending motor

A

Vestibulospinal tracts

127
Q

Extend from the midbrain and extend out specific cranial nerves for eye movement, as well as the anterior gray horns for head, neck, and arm movement for visuals and auditory reflexes

Descending motor

A

Tectospinal tracts

128
Q

Location: parallel to each side of the spinal cord

Innervation : visceral effectors in the skin, sweat glands, thoracic viscera

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia

129
Q

Location : unpaired ganglia in the abdominal cavity

Innervation : abdominal organs

A

Collateral ganglia

130
Q

Location: central part of adrenal glands

Innervation : release Ne into bloodstream for full body sympathetic release

A

Adrenal medulla

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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